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Biochemistry
The Chemistry of Life
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has
mass
 Matter is made of atoms
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Forms:
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Solid, Liquid, Gas
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=DPizS4hKvyA&feature=pla
yer_embedded
Atoms
Atom: smallest unit of matter that cannot be
broken down by a chemical means
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Contains THREE main particles:
Proton: + charge (in nucleus)
 Electron: - charge (around nucleus)
 Neutron: no charge (in nucleus)
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Atom Diagram
75005.wmv
# of Atomic Particles
p+ = 13
 e- = 13
 n0 = 14
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p+ = e- = Atomic #
 n0 = Atomic mass - Atomic #
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Draw an Atom
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p+ and n0 in nucleus
e- in shells around nucleus
1st shell: 2 e2nd shell: 8 e3rd shell: 8 eEtc.
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Fill inner shell before moving on
Elements
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Element: a pure substance made up of
only one kind of atom
Elements (Isotopes)
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Isotopes: Same element that differs in
amount of neutrons
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EX. C12 (Carbon 12) & C14 (Carbon 14)
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Same number of p+ and e-, only n0 differ
Compounds
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Compounds: a substance made of the
joined atoms of two or more elements
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EX.
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NaCl  Sodium + Chlorine
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CO2 Carbon + Oxygen
Bonds
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Connect atoms and compounds
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More stable…fills e- shells
Different types:
Covalent
 Ionic
 Hydrogen
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Bonds
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Covalent Bonds: two or more atoms
SHARE electrons
 creates molecules
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Ex. H2O, CO2
Covalent Bond Video
Bonds
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Ionic Bonds: Bonds created when
electrons are gained or lost
 creates “ions”
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Ions: positively or negatively charged atoms, due to loss
or gain of electrons
Ionic Bond Video
Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds: a weak chemical
attraction between “polar” molecules
involving Hydrogen
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Ex. Water molecule + Water molecule
Polarity
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Polar molecules: molecules with an
unequal distribution of electric charges
Properties of Water

Hydrogen bonds in water cause…
Cohesion: attraction between substances of
the same kind
 Adhesion: attraction between different
substances
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pH
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Acids: compounds that form Hydrogen
ions [H+] when dissolved in water
pH below 7
 Ex. Hydrochloric acid : HCl  H+ & Cl H+ > OH
pH
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Bases: compounds that form Hydroxide
ions [OH-] when dissolved in water
pH above 7
 Ex. Sodium Hydroxide: NaOH  Na+ & OH H+ < OH
pH
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Neutral: compounds with equal amounts of
H+ and OHpH of 7
 Ex. H2O  H+ & OH H+ = OH
Macromolecules
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Large molecules that contain Carbon
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4 Main Types:
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic
Acids
Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates: organic compounds made
of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Ex. Starches & Sugars
 Found in fruits, vegetables, and grains
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Source of short-term energy
Carbohydrates cont’d
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1C : 2H : 1O – ring shaped
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3 main forms:
 Monosaccharides:
single sugar
 Disaccharides: double sugars
 Polysaccharides: many sugars (starches)
Lipids
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Lipids: non-polar molecules usually not soluble
in water
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Ex. Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes
Found in butter, oils, animal products
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Stores long-term energy, used for insulation, cushion
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Lipids cont’d
Glycerol and three fatty acids
– E-shaped
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2 Types:
 Saturated: full of H
(solid at room temp.)
 Unsaturated: not full of H
(liquid at room temp.)
Proteins
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Proteins: organic compound made of one
or more chains of amino acids (principle
component of all cells)
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Found in meat, nuts, eggs
Proteins cont’d
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Chains of amino acids- folded or straight
Used for “everything”- body functions
 Ex. hormones, enzymes, antibodies, body
parts, etc.
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids: organic compound made of
nucleotides* that carry genetic information
*nucleotides: subunit consisting of a sugar,
phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acids cont’d
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2 Main Forms:
 DNA-
Deoxyribonucleic Aciddouble strand of nucleotides:
(stores hereditary info)
 RNA-
Ribonucleic Acidsingle strand of nucleotides
(helps make proteins)
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ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
 Main
energy storage for cells
Energy
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Energy: ability to move or change matter
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Exists in many forms (eg., light, heat, chemical
energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy)
Can be converted from one form to another
Living things need energy for metabolism and to
maintain homeostasis
Energy cont’d
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Chemical reaction: process in which
chemical bonds are broken or formed
producing different substances
Reactants – starting materials
 Products – newly formed substances
 Equation: Reactants  Products
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Eg., Dissolving salt in water:
NaCl  Na+ + Cl-
Energy cont’d
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Energy is absorbed or released when
chemical bonds are broken or formed
Burning wood releases heat and light
 Plants absorb light for photosynthesis
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Energy cont’d
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Activation energy: energy needed to start
a chemical reaction
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Chemical “push” to
get reaction going
Enzymes
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Enzyme: substance that increases the
speed of a chemical reaction

Act as catalysts – reduce activation energy of
a chemical reaction
Enzymes cont’d
Substrate: substance on which enzyme
acts during chemical reaction
 Active site: spot on an enzyme that the
substrate fits into
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Enzymes cont’d
Any factor that changes the shape of an
enzyme can affect its activity
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Enzymes like certain
temperatures and pH
ranges
References
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Atom image-http://damienkatz.net/pics/atom.jpg
Periodic Table image-http://www.corrosionsource.com/handbook/periodic/periodic_table.gif
Balloon image-http://us.inmagine.com/168nwm/photoalto/paa222/paa222000010.jpg
Electron shells image-http://homepages.ius.edu/GKIRCHNE/FigQChem.jpg
Covalent Bond imagehttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt2/water.gif&i
mgrefurl=http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/chpt2/water.htm&h=307&w=303&sz=17&hl=en&s
tart=2&tbnid=9HupbZCmuuZ0VM:&tb
Ionic Bond image- http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/media/ionic.gif
Hydrogen Bond image- http://www.evolvingcode.net/data/hydrogen_bonding_attach/waterHbonds.gif
Polar molecule image- http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/images/chempolar1.gif
Physical Science Series: Chemical Bonding. United Learning
(1998). Retrieved September 22, 2009, from
Discovery Education: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com /
Water drop image- www.doctormelgar.com
Lipid molecule image: biology.unm.edu/.../Summaries/Macromol.html
Sugar molecule image: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565113/Sugar.html
Sugar image- www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html
Protein image- http://www-vis.lbl.gov/Vignettes/Downing1998/index.html
Nucleotide image- www.msu.edu/.../ebertmay/drivers/nucleotide.jpg
Pasta image - www.sheknows.com/articles/804691.htm
Speeding car image - http://www.eyeflare.com/article/italian-speeding-fines-can-kill-your-vacation-budget/
Fireplace image - asootysolution.com/Firebox_Repairs.html
Salt in water image - http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Solutions