Download Biochemistry Notes

Biochemistry Notes 1. What is biochemistry? 2. def: study of compounds made by living things 2. atoms in compounds are held by covalent bonds 3. These store much energy 3. You can separate these chemical bonds and convert them into energy the body can use 1. What is pH? 2. The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution is called pH 2. Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7 2. Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7 2. Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. 1. What are organic compounds? 2. def: compounds that contain C and H 2. Four classes: 3. carbohydrates: sugars and starch 4. Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH2O)n 4. Values of n ranging from three to seven are called simple sugars, or monosaccharides. 4. Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. 4. Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides. 4. Energy, structure 4. In order for something to provide energy, it must have Calories 4. Calories: measure of heat energy produced from food 3. proteins: meat, nuts 4. A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids 4. Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. 4. Amino acids have a central carbon atom. 4. The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R) 4. form muscles 4. enzymes: make chemical rxn in the body speed up and body temperature 5.The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates 5. The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site 3. lipids: fat, grease, steroids 4. Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen 4. A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature. 4. Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats. 4. Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats. 4. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats. 4. waterproof coatings, make up cell membranes 3. nucleic acids: DNA, RNA 4. Are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. 4. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms. 1. How are organic compounds drawn? 2. Go over caffeine: 2. Name: 1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione
3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione
2. Chemical formula: C8H10N4O2 2. Corner = carbon unless otherwise labeled 2. Each C can have 4 hydrogens, which are also unlabeled. 2. These structures give molecules a shape, which help determine function Labs: Food testing Case Study: http://sciencecases.lib.buffalo.edu/cs/collection/detail.asp?case_id=203&id
=203