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Organic chemistry:
branch of chemistry focused on hydrocarbons
and their by-products
Can organic compounds be produced in a lab?
Is petroleum an organic compound?
 Yes and yes! Now we know that organic compounds can
be produced without any help from living things
Circle items that are made from
petroleum
Watch the Fuel-less Video.
Were there any items that you didn’t know were
made from petroleum?
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hydrocarbons
____________________:
compounds made of
hydrogen and carbon
backbone
Organic compounds have a “________________”
or carbon atoms linked together to form a
chain that other atoms are attached to
These hydrocarbon chains have covalent
bonds. What is a covalent bond?
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Fractional Distillation
Each compound has
unique
intermolecular forces
that allow it to be
separated
BP= 59oC
Why?
BP= 151oC
Longer chain, more dispersion forces,
stronger intermolecular force, higher boiling
point
Why?
Longer chain, more dispersion forces,
stronger intermolecular force, higher
viscosity
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Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
These compounds are named based on:
the number of carbon atoms and the type of
bond between the carbons.
# of C Atoms
Prefix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
MethEthPropButPentHexHept-
OctNon-
Dec-
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Hydrocarbon chain with all SINGLE covalent
bonds
General Formula:
CnH2n+2
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Examples:
Name
Formula
Methane
CH4
Propane
C5H12
Name
Formula
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H16
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
NAME
Pentane
FORMULA
C5H12
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
CONDENSED
FORMULA
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
C7H16
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An alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon.
Saturated means:
Each carbon atom is completely surrounded
by single covalent bonds.
Example:
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Hydrocarbon chain with at least one DOUBLE
bond
General Formula:
CnH2n
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Examples:
Name
Formula
Ethene
C2H4
Butene
C7H14
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Hydrocarbon chain with at least one TRIPLE
bonds
General Formula:
CnH2n–2
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Examples:
Name
Formula
Propyne
C3H4
Pentyne
C8H14
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Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated means:
There is at least one double or triple bond in
the molecule, making a carbon have less than
four surrounding atoms.
Example:
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Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more
reactive than saturated hydrocarbons.
Alkanes  Alkenes  Alkynes
Increases in reactivity
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Compounds that have the same chemical
formula but a different arrangement of
particles.
Isomers of Butane
C4H10
NO!
 Lewis
Structures are 2D
 Models are 3D
2D
Representation
3D
Representation
1.
2.
3.
Draw the Lewis Structure
Build the Model
Bonds in the plane are straight lines
Bonds behind the paper are dotted lines
Bonds coming toward you are bolded lines
Name
Methane
Lewis Structure
3D Representation
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Burning petroleum provides nearly
half
___________
of the total U.S. energy needs.
fuel
Most petroleum is used as a __________.
gasoline
Converted to ______________,
petroleum
powers millions of U.S. automobiles.
89 of all petroleum is used as fuel.
_____%
Only about ___%
7 is used for producing new
substances.
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When hydrocarbons burn, they react with
oxygen to form _________________
carbon dioxide gas
___________
water vapor
and _______________.
How long will it take for natural processes
to replace used petroleum fuel?
MILLIONS OF YEARS!!!
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This is because petroleum is a
nonrenewable resource.
____________________
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Nonrenewable resource
Increases CO2 emissions that adds to
pollution
Commonly known as builder molecules
Functional Group:
an atom or group of atoms that has
characteristic properties to organic
compounds
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Molecule with an –OH group attached to a
carbon atom
General formula: R-OH
Examples:
◦ CH3-OH
◦ CH3CH2-OH
Methanol
Ethanol
Rubbing Alcohol
Cough Medicine
Hair Gel
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One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon
chains, one on each end
Name ends in “ether”
General formula:
Example:
Dimethyl Ether
Some Cosmetics
Starter Fluid
Anise Seed used for
bread and cookies
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Contains 2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a
carbon atom and a second oxygen is single
bonded to the same carbon atom
Name ends in “oic acid”
General formula:
Example:
Ethanoic acid
Coconut
Some Fruits
Vinegar
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Contains 2 oxygen atoms
One oxygen atom is double bonded to a
carbon atom and a second oxygen is single
bonded to the same carbon atom
Name ends in “oate”
General formula:
Example:
Methyl ethanoate
Bananas
Oranges
Flowers
Common Petrochemicals:
 Detergents
 Pesticides
 Pharmaceuticals
 Cosmetics
 Raw materials for production of other
synthetic substances such as plastics
◦ Plastics include: paints, fabrics, rubber, insulation
materials, foams, adhesives, molding, and
structural materials
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Reactivity:
Single bonds < double bonds < triple bonds
Addition reaction:
reaction at the double or triple bond within
an organic molecule
The water molecule “adds” to the doublebonded carbon atoms by placing an H- on
one carbon and an –OH group on the other.
H
H
C
H
+
C
H
H-OH
H
H
H
C
C
H
OH
H
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Polymer:
large molecule typically composed of 500 –
20,000 or more repeating units
These repeating units are called monomers.
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Polymers formed in this type of reaction are
called addition polymers.
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The atoms which compose the monomers
dictate the properties of the polymer.
These polymers are often altered to meet a
variety of needs and to produce a multitude
of products.
Structure influences the Function!
Condensation Reactions:
 Involve the loss of simple
molecules such as water when
monomer units join.
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The functional groups of the acid and
alcohol combine to form a water
molecule. The remaining atoms join to
form an ester.
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Synthetic polymers
◦ Nylon
◦ Polyester
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Natural polymers:
◦ Carbohydrates
 Starch
 Cellulose
◦ Fats
◦ Proteins
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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
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Called monosaccharides
Contains 5 or 6 carbon atoms
What functional group is this?
glucose
fructose
sucrose
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What does a condensation reaction
produce?
WATER!!
Monomers link together to form
polymers.
Monosaccharides link together to form
polysaccharides.
starch
Polymer 1 is a ____________.
Present in grains and vegetables.
Easily digested by the body and can
be used for energy.
cellulose
Polymer 2 is __________.
Found in plants and trees.
Indigestible carbohydrate which is
fiber
commonly referred to as ________.
Another way to combine C, H, and O atoms
What functional group is this?
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Triglycerides are composed of
◦ one glycerol molecule
◦ three fatty acids
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What functional groups does glycerol have?
Alcohol
groups
Carboxylic acid
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Palmitic acid
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Linoletic acid
Carboxylic acid
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Which fatty acid is saturated? A or B?
Which fatty acid is unsaturated? A or B?
A
B
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid  Ester
Ester
Linkage
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty  1 Triglyceride + 3 Water
acids
(fat)
molecules
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Since water is formed…
what type of reaction is this???
CONDENSATION!!
AMINO ACIDS!!
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Compound with amino group and
carboxylic acid group.
Amino acids link together to form proteins
using peptide bonds
Proteins vary from 10 to several thousand
amino acids long
Two functional groups combine to form a
Carboxylic
peptide bond.
Amino
Group
Peptide
Bond
Acid
Amino Acid + Amino Acid  Peptide + Water
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Since water is formed…
what type of reaction is this???
CONDENSATION!!