Download - St. Aidan School

Physical Science
Mrs. Volpe
Chapter 8
Section 1
Carbon has -6e and 6
protons in its nucleus. It can
form up to 4 bonds. Since it
shares electrons it
forms a covalent
bond.
Diamonds – are the hardest
mineral. At high
temperatures and pressures
carbon atoms form diamond
crystals.
The carbon atoms bond to
each other.
Its melting point is more than 3,500 C.
Graphite – lead in your
pencil is mostly graphite,
another form of carbon.
Each carbon atom bonds
tightly to three other carbon
atoms in a flat layer.
Bonds between layers are
very weak so the layers slide
past each other easily.
Graphite is slippery.
It makes an excellent lubricant for
machines. It reduces friction between
moving parts.
Fullerene In 1985 a
scientist made a new form of
carbon. The carbon atoms
are arranged in a hollow
sphere.
Nanotube – In 1991 carbon
atoms were arranged in the
shape of a long hollow
cylinder. They are
tiny, light, flexible, and
extremely strong.
They are good conductors of
electricity and heat.
Section 2
All Organic Compounds
contain carbon.
Organic = “of living things”.
Today scientists know O C
can also be found in products
made of living things and
materials produced
artificially in laboratories and
factories.
Many O C’s have similar
properties in terms of melting
points, boiling points, odor,
electrical conductivity, and
solubility.
Many have low melting
points and low boiling pts.
They are liquids or gases at
room temperature. Organic
liquids have strong odors.
They also do not conduct
electricity. Many do not
dissolve well in water.
Hydrocarbons - hydrogen +
carbon. They mix poorly
with water and burn easily.
Examples are Methane,
Propane, Butane, and Ethane.
Isomers Compounds with the
same chemical formulas but
different structural formulas.
Examples; Butane C4H10
and Isobutane C4H10. (See
page 268)
Double and triple bonds
Saturated hydrocarbons –
single bonds so maximum
number of hydrogen atoms
can bond with carbon. End
in ANE.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
have two or three bonds.
They have fewer hydrogen
atoms for each carbon atom.
End in ENE or YNE.
An Alkyne is unsaturated and
has one or more triple bonds
and will end in YNE.
Substitute Hydrocarbons –
If one carbon element bonds
with an atom of another
element a different
compound is created.
Monomer – Smaller single
molecule.
Polymer – very large
molecule made of a chain
of many smaller
molecules bonded
together.
Section 3
Polymers & Composites
Natural Polymers –
Flexable strong natural
polymer found in cell walls
of fruits and vegetables is
cellulose. Made in plants
when single molecules are
joined in long strands.
Humans cannot digest other
polymers such as starch.
Sugar molecules are
connected in a different way.
We wear them – silk/wool.
We make them – fingernails
and muscles from proteins.
Proteins form smaller
molecules call amino acids.
Amino Acid monomers are
the building blocks of
proteins. Some can form
fingernails while others carry
oxygen in your blood.
Synthetic Polymers – all
start with coal or oil.
Examples are plastics,
carpets, clothing, glue, and
chewing gum. See p. 277
Composites – combines two
or more substances into a
new material with different
properties. Many include one
or more polymers. Use of
composites p. 280