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Transcript
Unit 1, Part 2 Chemistry in the Body Let’s talk Chemistry! But why? • Food • Medicine • Your Body Chemistry is all over in your body! • There are THOUSANDS of chemicals in your body. • All body processes involve chemistry! – Movement – Digestion – Metabolism – Respiration – Pumping of your heart – Nervous System signals The Basics… • Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass • Three phases of matter – Solid: definite shape, definite volume – Liquid: definite volume, but not shape – Gas: neither a definite shape or volume The Basics • Physical Changes: Do not alter the basic nature of a substance (chemical formula) – EX: Bend, Cut, Dissolve, Phase Changes • Chemical Changes: DO alter the composition of the substance – a new chemical formula is formed! – EX: Digestion of food by enzymes in the body, Metabolism reactions The Basics • The atom: smallest particle that retains properties of a particular element – Proton: in nucleus, + charge – Neutron: in nucleus, no charge – Electron: orbitals, - charge, smallest – In neutral atom, # of protons = # of electrons • Elements identified by number of protons • Bonding determined by number of valence (outer) electrons The Basics • Compound: when two or more atoms combine chemically (ex: H2O) • Ion: formed when an atom has lost or gained an electron – Positive ions formed when an electron is lost – Negative ions formed when an electron is gained – Common ions found in the body include Ca+2, Na+, K+, H+, OH-, Cl- The Basics • Chemical reactions are when 2 or more chemicals combine to create new products • Types of reactions include… – Synthesis (in the body, called anabolic) • A + B AB – Decomposition (in the body, called catabolic) • AB A + B – Single Replacement • A + BC AC + B – Double Replacement • AB + CD AD + CB NOTE: anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body are collectively called metabolism! Which type of reactions are the following??? The Basics • Acids vs. Bases – Acids • Usually have H+ in the formula • Release H+ into solution • pH less than 7 – Bases • Usually have OH- in the formula • Release OH- into the solution • pH greater than 7 Chemistry in the Body • 96% of all elements in the human body are from 4 major sources – Oxygen (65%) – Carbon (18.5%) – Hydrogen (9.5%) – Nitrogen (3.2%) • One of the most important of these is Carbon… (show video clip) Chemistry in the Body • Organic – Contains carbon – Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids • Inorganic – No carbon – Ex: Water, salts, acids, bases Important Organic Compounds • CARBOHYDRATES – Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio – Include sugars and starches – Act as a source of cellular fuel – Classified into 3 groups according to size • Can be soluble in water Important Organic Compounds • Monosaccharide – Simple Sugar – Usually used for energy source – Examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers: all have formula of C6H12O6, but in different combinations & orientations) Important Organic Compounds – Other examples with 5 sugars are ribose and deoxyribose (found in RNA and DNA) Important Organic Compounds • In aqueous (water) solutions, monosaccharides will form ring structures Important Organic Compounds • Disaccharide – Two simple sugars (monosaccharides) are joined by a dehydration synthesis (loss of water happens as molecules join) – Includes sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose Important Organic Compounds This shows a dehydration reaction – water will be produced as a product! Important Organic Compounds Important Organic Compounds • Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars – Includes glycogen in animals, and starch & cellulose in plants – Interesting tidbit: glucose needed for muscle contraction is usually stored as glycogen Important Organic Compounds • Both disaccharides and polysaccharides can be broken down back into monosaccharides by a hydrolysis reaction (adding water in) • Glucose is then commonly used in cellular respiration (C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O) FYI… • If we eat too many carbs, and our body doesn’t immediately need any ATP, dietary carbs are then converted to glycogen or fat and stored! Important Organic Compounds • LIPIDS – Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen – All types are insoluble in water Functions of Lipids in the Body • • • • • Protection - pads organs Insulation - prevents heat loss Regulation – hormones Structure - cell membrane component Energy - storage in fat Important Organic Compounds • Triglycerides (Neutral Fat) – Constitutes 95% of the fat in the human body – Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule – Found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs, used as fuel Important Organic Compounds • Again, fatty acid chains are added to the glycerol by a dehydration synthesis! • The bonds along the fatty acid chain can be oxidized (broken) to release energy. Important Organic Compounds • Two types of Fatty Acid Chains… • Unsaturated – less than the max # of hydrogens bonded to the carbons – End up with double bonds between carbons – Healthier fats, such as olive oil, peanut oil, & fish oils Important Organic Compounds • Saturated – Have the max # of hydrogens bonded to the carbons – Only single bonds between carbons – Unhealthy fats, such as beef, pork, & butter Important Organic Compounds • Phospholipids – Composed of two fatty acids and a phosphorus group bonded to a glycerol molecule – Chief component of cell membranes – Phosphorous end is polar (will mix with water), while fatty acid end is nonpolar (not mix with water) Important Organic Compounds • Steroids – Flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings – Found in cholesterol and certain hormones Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen FYI… • There are different kinds of steroids! • Corticosteroids help with medical issues like immunity, metabolism, and blood volume • Sex steroids are the same thing at sex hormones – such as androgens and estrogens • Anabolic steroids increase muscle mass and bone synthesis… the artificial form is usually derived from testosterone Important Organic Compounds • PROTEINS – Made of twisted chains of amino acids – 50% of organic matter in the body is composed of proteins – Can be soluble in water Important Organic Compounds Functions of Proteins Include: 1. Storage: energy source 2. Transport: hemoglobin; across membranes 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: speed up cellular reactions (catalysts) Important Organic Compounds • Amino Acids – the building blocks of proteins – Combination of Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen – All amino acids have the same basic structure, but a different R group attached! – There are 20 different R groups found in humans Structure of Amino Acids •Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it: Amino group Carboxyl group R group Amino group –NH2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen Side group -H -R (has C & H present, and sometimes S or O) Side groups Serine Leucine Have fun memorizing these when you take Biochemistry in college!!! Important Organic Compounds • The joining of amino acids in a dehydration synthesis forms a peptide bond… the long chain that forms is the protein! Important Organic Compounds • Protein shapes determine their function • If protein denatures (unravels) due to heat or acidic pH levels, it will lose its function • There are four different structural levels that contribute to the shape of a protein JUST A THOUGHT… With different combinations of the 20 amino acids, and the different shapes the molecules can take on, the potential number of different protein molecules is enormous! Important Organic Compounds • NUCLEIC ACIDS – Provide blueprint of life – makes DNA – Includes a phosphate group, sugar group, and base Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Important Organic Compounds – Nucleotide bases of DNA… • A = Adenine • G = Guanine • C = Cytosine • T = Thymine Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) The two strands of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonding. Important Organic Compounds • RNA is different than DNA… – Sugar “Ribose” used instead of “Deoxyribose” – Uracil used instead of Thymine Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or U) Uracil Phosphate group Sugar (ribose) Important Organic Compounds • ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) – Chemical energy used by all cells – Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond + energy