* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit 3 Biochemistry - The Naked Science Society
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Size-exclusion chromatography wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Anatomy I - Unit 3: Basic Biochemistry What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments Elements in Living Organisms The most common elements found in living organisms include: Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Periodic Table of the Elements (excerpt) Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive. Metabolism = all the chemical reactions occurring in the body. Organic molecules: usually associated with living things. always contain CARBON. are “large” molecules, with many atoms always have covalent bonds (share electrons) Macromolecules of Cells Macro = large 4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Sugars and groups of sugars Purposes: energy and structure Includes three types: Monosaccharide (1 sugar – quick energy) Disaccharide (2 sugars – short storage) Polysaccharide (many sugars – energy long storage & form structures) Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Examples: Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc. Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic molecule. Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & insects. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides Macromolecule #2: Lipids Insoluble in water (think oil & water) 4 types: 1-triglycerides (fats & oils) 2-phospholipids (primary component of cell membrane) 3-steroids (cell signaling) (long-term energy storage, insulation) cholesterol molecules modified to form sex hormones. (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, etc.) 4-waxes (protection, prevents water loss) Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans. Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Macromolecule #3: Proteins Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules. Serve the most varied purposes, including: Support structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions Transport cell membranes channels, transporters in blood (e.g., Hemoglobin) Defense antibodies of the immune system Hormones cell signaling (e.g., insulin) Motion contractile proteins (e.g., actin, myosin) Collagen Antibodies Cellular Transport Motion actin & myosin fibers in muscles Macromolecule #3: Proteins The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids. There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids. Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains. Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide contains (a) phosphate molecule, (b) nitrogenous base, and (c) 5-carbon sugar Several types of nucleic acids, including: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid Genetic material, double stranded helix RNA: ribonucleic acid Genetic material, single stranded ATP: adenosine triphosphate High energy compound DNA Nucleotide Structure THE BIG PICTURE Chemistry is essential for life…