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The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat? Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP ATP How do we make these molecules? We build them! 2006-2007 Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP How to build a polymer Synthesis You gotta be open to “bonding! joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH– other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O H 2O requires energy & enzymes HO H Dehydration synthesis HO H enzyme Condensation reaction HO H How to take large molecules apart Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP How to break down a polymer Breaking up is hard to do! Digestion use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH– H+ & OH– attach to ends requires enzymes HO releases energy H2O enzyme H Hydrolysis Digestion HO H HO H Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer Any Questions? Penguins gone bad!