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FROM GENE TO PROTEIN! Gene Expression and Gene Regualtion DNA A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. Let the BioRap explain! Every protein in a living organism is unique and is encoded by a different sequence of DNA nucleotides. Typical proteins have 200-300 amino acids, but some are much longer and some are much shorter. FROM DNA TO PROTEIN… There are two steps to make protein from DNA: Transcription & Translation. In transcription, one mRNA (messenger RNA) is made from one gene using the DNA template. In translation, the mRNA is used to make a protein from amino acids. RNA IS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT THAN DNA RNA differs from DNA in three ways: 1. Single strand instead of double strand. 1. Ribose instead of deoxyribose (sugar). Phosphate Group 5 CH2 O C4 Sugar (ribose) C3 1. Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T). Nitrogenous base (A, U , G, C ) C1 C2 N 1. MESSENGER RNA (MRNA) – CHECK OUT THIS VIDEO! mRNA copies information from DNA for protein synthesis. DNA can not leave the nucleus so mRNA is the messenger. mRNA is made up of RNA nucleotides. Each set of three nucleotides codes for a single amino acid and are called “codons”. 2. TRANSFER RNA (TRNA) tRNA is made of RNA nucleotides and each tRNA is attached to one specific amino acid. The three-nucleotide sequence that determines what amino acid is attached to it is called the “anticodon”. At least one kind of tRNA is present for each of the 20 amino acids used in protein synthesis. tRNA anticodons are complimentary to mRNA codons. AMINO ACIDS Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Amino acids bind together to form long chains. The chains fold into specific structure to dictate a specific function for each protein. (next week) TRANSCRIPTION In order for cells to make proteins, the DNA code must be transcribed (copied) to mRNA. Transcription occurs in the nucleus. TRANSLATION Once the mRNA reaches the ribosome, the codons are “read” and paired with the complimentary anticodons of the tRNA. The amino acids are released from the tRNA and added one at a time to the growing amino acid chain. MAKE AN MRNA STRAND DNA sequence TAC TTT TTG TTC CAT ATC What is the mRNA sequence? AUG AAA AAC AAG GUA UAG DETERMINE THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. mRNA sequence AUG AAA AAC AAG GUA UAG What is the amino acid sequence (protein)? DETERMINE THE AMINO ACIDS mRNA sequence AAA AUG AAA AAC AAG GUA UAG What is the protein sequence? met lys asn lys val stop