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Download Learning - Liberty Union High School District
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What is ‘learning’? What are the things that need to be in place for learning to occur? • Learning involves adapting to changing conditions in a lifetime. • The mechanisms of learning are evolutionary adaptations of the nervous system. • Theories of learning reflect trends in psychological thinking. Are there different ‘types’ of learning? • Perceptual – Sensitization • Stimulus – Response – Habituation – Classical Conditioning – Operant Conditioning • Procedural (Motor) – Classical (reflex) conditioning • Associative (Relational) – Declarative learning • Spatial – Cognitive maps • Episodic – Events over time • Observational – Imitation and mimicry Psychological perspectives on learning • • • • • • Biological – nervous system Behaviorist – Stimulus-Response (S-R) Cognitive – Stimulus-Stimulus (S-S) Social – interactions Developmental – changes in a lifetime Evolutionary – changes in species Raphael – The School of Athens (1510) Classical Conditioning Association formed between involuntary (reflex) response and a stimulus not related to the learned response initially. Pavlov with an assistant and a subject (the dog). US UR Pairing CS CR Classical conditioning dynamics Timing and contingency are both important in classical conditioning The effectiveness of conditioning depends on when the stimuli are presented … … but also on how much the CS predicts that the US will occur. What can be classically conditioned? • Reflexes (Pavlov, 1927) • Emotional responses (Watson & Raynor, 1920) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pzni66fyt3o • Drug reactions (Siegel et al., 1988) Operant Conditioning The Law of Effect (Thorndike, 1898) Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation. A critical difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning … … Operant conditioning requires the subject to form a response voluntarily … Classical conditioning involves an involuntary (reflexive) response The modern Skinner box used in operant learning Operant conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment Schedules of reinforcement lead to different patterns of responding What traits contribute to your ability to learn? The Biology of Learning • Hebbian Learning – Hebb’s Postulate • Long-term Potentiation • Long-term Depression
