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Imperialism in China The Roots of Revolution 1500’s – China had strict trade restrictions 1700’s - Westerners were interested in trading with China • Emperor Qianlong turned down requests for trading rights • Westerners wanted silk, tea, porcelain, etc. China Rejects Trade with West Late 1700’s in China 1. Qing Dynasty begins to decline •Peasants are having a hard time producing enough food •Peasant revolts 2. Industrial Revolution in Europe •Increased military power to pursue trading rights Europeans Gain Ground Late 1700’s - Britain begins to sell opium from India in China • Many Chinese become addicted • Used Chinese silver to pay Chinese government tried to limit drug trade and drug use • Harsh punishments for users and smugglers Opium Sale in China 1839 – Chinese destroy a British shipment of opium (China’s Boston Tea Party) • War breaks out • Britain has superior military technology Britain defeats China in the Opium Wars Opium Wars Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese Wars) 1839 - 1842 and 1856 - 1860 Chinese concessions after Opium Wars • Emperor agreed to pay for destroyed opium • Gave Britain territory of Hong Kong • Opened other ports to trade with British • Westerners gained extraterritoriality The Treaty of Nanjing Spheres of Influence •An area in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges • Right to build railroads, factories, etc. • Leads to political influence Late 1800’s • Japan is rapidly modernizing and industrializing Japan defeats China • Japan wins Formosa (Taiwan) • Extends influence over Korea Sino-Japanese War United States called for an “Open Door” Policy in China •All nations would have equal access to trade with China Was supposed to prevent European nations from setting up colonies in China • Real reason: United States arrived in China after Japan and most European nations had already established their territory • Policy failed Open Door Policy Loss of territory to foreigners Peasant Revolts Signs of Weakness 1851-66 • >20 million killed Qing dynasty crushed rebellion • Dynasty was greatly weakened Marked beginning of decline of the Qing Dynasty • Some wanted reforms in government and society Taiping Rebellion What did the reformers want? Western technology Preservation of Confucian culture Government Response Reforms under emperor Guang Xi • Factories for modern weapons • Sent men abroad to study • Updates to civil service exams • Western style schools • Economic changes 100 DAYS OF REFORMS Ci Xi (Empress) Seized power in 1898 • Believed that reforms threatened traditional Confucian order Opposition to Reforms Foreign armies in Beijing’s forbidden city Anti-foreign Chinese formed the Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) • Boxers attacked and killed Chinese Christians and foreigners Western powers crushed Boxers with international army • China was now forced to allow foreign troops on Chinese land and warships on the water The Boxer Rebellion Revolution of 1911 Puyi The Last Qing Emperor China declared itself a republic No organized government from 1911-1928 • Civil war • Country in pieces The End of Imperial Rule