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Miss Cook – Biology Name: ____________________________Date:________________ Class Period: _______ Evolution Note Guide I. CHARLES DARWIN born in Shrewsbury, England, in 1809 studied medicine at Edinburgh University (1825-1827) where the sight of blood and surgery without anesthetics repulsed him studied to become a clergyman at Cambridge University (18271831) After Cambridge, Charles was recommended for a surveying trip on the HMS Beagle He sailed aboard the Beagle for 5 years (1831 – 1836), working as a NATURALIST. Darwin’s Voyage On the voyage, Darwin noticed that everywhere he went; the animals and plants differed vastly. Patterns in the species suggested that the species had changed over time and had given rise to new and different species. Many of Darwin’s conclusions were based on observations of wildlife in the Galapagos Islands. Darwin Concluded: Each species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. Darwin called this… _________________________________________ OR __________________!!!!! ***Evolution is:______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ II. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION On his journey around the world, Darwin found evidence of _______________ change (______________). Darwin cited evidences he found in ________________________, geographic distribution and _____________________ structures. Today most evidences for evolution are grouped into five main categories: 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 3. _____________________________________ 4. _____________________________________ 5. _____________________________________ 1. Fossil Record Paleontology Fossil – remains or __________ of an _____________ that lived _____________________ o Remains: ex. bone, __________, or shell o Traces: ex. burrow, __________________, or imprint Most fossils are found in layered ________________________ rock o Oldest fossils are on the ________________ layer Comparing fossils from different layers shows: o Life on Earth has ______________ o ________________ number of life forms 2. Biochemical The Genetic Code Triplets of ______ nitrogen-base sequences that ________ for specific _____________________ The amino acid triplet is the ________ in almost all organisms. The similarity of triplet ______ codes making-up ______________ shows: o A probable ____________ _______________ for all life on Earth Amino Acid Sequencing is probably the ___________________ evidence for relationships among organisms 3. Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures: structures with ____________ structure but _________________ function o ex: turtle, ___________, bird, __________ o Homologous Structures show: Similar genes Descent from a _______________ ancestor Vestigial Structures: organs so _________________ in size that they are _______________________ remnants of similar organs in _________ species o ex: human tailbone, ______________, whale pelvis 2|Page o Vestigial structures show: an organism’s ____________________________ past a common ________________ with species that have ___________ structures that are still ___________________ Embryology o Embryos of different ____________ may appear ____________ in early stages of __________________ o ex: __________________ development o Comparison of similarities in embryos can show: Relationship to a _______________ ancestor 4. Biogeography = Geographic distribution of organisms organisms living ____________ __________ (even different ________________) may be similar because they share a ___________ ancestor Shows common ancestor 5. Observable Events Some changes in species have been observed and studied: o _________& ____________________ Study of Beak Size Shift in Darwin’s Finches o H. Kettlewell’s Study of ____________________ Color Shifts Observable events show that _______________ is an ____________ process 3|Page III. NATURAL SELECTION Darwin based his theory on his own observations and the writings of Thomas Malthus. o Malthus was a British social scientist who made these observations about humans: People have more _____________ than are able to ______________. There are built-in population checks: ___________, _________, and _________. Darwin extended these principles to biology, which helped him form his theory of… _________________________________ OR __________________ of the ______________ Five Basic Components of Natural Selection 1. All species have _____________ variation. a. Every species is ________________, even within itself. b. Look around you…are you all the same? 2. Organisms produce more ____________ than can ___________. Many that survive do not produce _________________. c. Ex: The female green sea turtle lays a clutch of about 110 eggs. She may lay several clutches. 1. It is likely that less than 1% of the hatchlings will ever reach sexual maturity. 3. Since more organisms are produced than can survive, there is ______________________ (struggle for existence). a. Competition exists WITHIN and AMONG species b. Within and among Species for: 2. _________ 3. _________ 4. _________ 5. _________ d. And within a Species for 1. _________ e. The constant struggle for survival is affected by short-term natural disasters. (____________, fires, floods, ______________, hurricanes, and ________________) f. The constant struggle for survival is also affected by long-term changes in the environment. (_______________, ____________________________, etc) 4. ___________________ of the _________________ 4|Page a. Some organisms are more suited to their environment as a result of variations in the species. b. ________________: the ability of an individual to ___________ and ______________________ in its specific environment. Fitness is a result of ________________. c. Individuals that are fit to their environment _____________ and leave more _______________ than those who aren’t. 5. _____________________ with ____________________: living species today are descended with modifications from common ancestral species that lived in the past. a. Characteristics of fit individuals _______________ in a population over time. b. Over time, genes for ___________ favored characteristics will be _______________________ from the gene pool. c. Example: ________________ and their increasingly ____________________________________. Natural Selection: Survival of the Fittest An ___________________ is any inherited characteristic (a _________ _____________ that can increase an organism’s chance of survival. An organism does not change because of ________ or __________ to survive. The organism either already has the ______________ that enables it to survive or it _____________. TIME 5|Page TIME TIME