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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are
composed of just two elements: hydrogen and carbon
Saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes)
• Bonding between the carbon atoms are all single
covalent bonds (one pair of electrons is shared)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes)
• Contain double or triple covalent bonds
• Double bond is formed when 2 pair of electrons are
shared
• Alkenes contain a double bond
• Triple bond is formed when 3 pair of electrons are
shared
• Alkynes contain a triple bond
ethane
single bond
1 pr electrons
ethene
double bond
2 pr electrons
ethyne
triple bond
3 pr electrons
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons in which all
members share the following characteristics:
General formula
CH4
C3H8
CnH2n+2
Structural formula
All single covalent
Bonds
IUPAC name ending
-ane
Methane
Propane
To determine the correct name of an alkane
LOOK for a name ending with –ane
To determine the correct formula of an alkane
LOOK for a formula that fits the general formula
of CnH2n+2 (the number of H atoms must be 2 more than
twice the number of carbon atoms)
To determine the correct structure of an alkane
LOOK for a structure containing all single bonds
with four bonds around each C atom
Practice
Which name represents an alkane?
1) octane
3) propanal
2) octene
4) propanol
Which formula represents an alkane?
1) C10H10
3) C11H22
2) C10H20
4) C11H24
Draw a correct structure for an alkane.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon in which all
members share the following characteristics
General formula
CnH2n
C2H4
C3H6
Structural Formula
One double bond
Name ending
-ene
ethene
propene
To determine the correct a name of an alkene
LOOK for a name ending with –ene
To determine the correct formula of an alkene
LOOK for a formula that fits the general
formula of CnH2n (the number of H atoms must be
exactly twice the number of C atoms)
To determine the correct structure of an alkene
LOOK for a structure containing one double
bond with four bonds around each C atom
Practice
Which name represents an alkene?
1) heptyne
3) ethane
2) pentanol
4) pentene
Which formula represents an alkene?
1) C5H10
3) C8H18
2) C5H12
4) C8H14
Draw a correct structure for an alkene?
Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons in which all
members share the following characteristics
General formula
CnH2n-2
C2H2
C3H4
Structural Formula
One triple bond
Name ending
-yne
ethyne
propyne
To determine the correct name of an alkyne
LOOK for a name ending with –yne
To determine the correct molecular formula of an
alkyne
LOOK for a formula that fits the general
formula CnH2n-2 (the number of H atoms must be 2
less than twice the number of C atoms)
To determine the correct structure representing an
alkyne
LOOK for a structure containing one triple
bond with four bonds around each C atom
Halides (halocarbons) are classes of organic compounds in which
the functional group is one or more halogen atoms
Functional Group
-halogen
General Formula
R – X (R is a hydrocarbon
chain and X is an attached
halogen)
Examples
C2H5Br
bromoethane
CH3CHBrCH2CH3
2- bromobutane
CH2BrCHBrCH3
1,2-dibromopropane
To determine the correct name of a halide
LOOK for a name containing a halogen prefix
To determine the correct formula of a halide
LOOK for a formula containing one of the
halogens
Practice
Which name represents a halide?
1) 2-butene
3) iodomethane
2) Methyl propanoate
4) hexanol
Which molecular formula represents a halide?
1) CH3CH2OH
3) HClO3
2) CH2Cl2
4) CH3CHN2
Alcohols are classes of organic compounds with hydroxyl (-OH)
as the functional group
Functional group
-OH (hydroxyl)
General formula
R – OH
Name ending
-ol
Examples
C2H5OH
ethanol
CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
2-butanol
CH2(OH)CH2CH2(OH)
1,3-propanediol
To determine the correct name of an alcohol
LOOK for a name ending with –ol
To determine the correct formula of an alcohol
LOOK for a formula containing one or more OH
attached to a hydrocarbon chain
Practice
Which IUPAC name is of a compound of an alcohol?
1) 2-butanal
3) heptane
2) methanoic
4) octanol
Which molecular formula represents an alcohol?
1) CH3CH2OH
3) NH4OH
2) CH3CHO
4) CH3CH2CH2COOH
Monohydroxyl alcohols contain only one –OH functional
group attached to a hydrocarbon chain
• Primary alcohol – monohydroxyl alcohol in which the one
OH is attached to a carbon that is bonded to one other
carbon atom
OH is always on the end carbon atom
names of primary alcohols usually DO NOT contain any
number
if the name contains a number, it must be the number 1
Examples
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
1-butanol
OHCH2CH2CH2CH3
Secondary alcohol – monohydroxyl alcohol in which the one OH is
attached to a C atom that is bonded to two other C atoms
OH is never the end carbon
Names of secondary alcohols will always contain a number
greater than 1
Number indicates which carbon atom the –OH is bonded to
Examples
2-propanol
CH2CH(OH)CH3
3-pentanol
CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
Tertiary alcohol – monohydroxyl alcohol in which the one
OH is attached to a carbon that is bonded to three other
carbons
Name of a tertiary alcohol will always contain two of the
same number
Numbers indicate the position of the methyl group and OH
group
Example
2-methyl-2-propanol
CH3C(CH3)(OH)CH3
Dihydroxy alcohols contain TWO OH functional groups
attached to a hydrocarbon chain
Examples
1,2-ethanediol
CH2(OH)CH2(OH)
1,3-propanediol
CH2(OH)CH2CH2(OH)
Trihydroxy alcohols contain THREE OH functional groups
attached to a hydrocarbon chain
Examples
1,2,3-propanetriol
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2(OH)
Practice
Which IUPAC name is of a primary alcohol?
1) 2-butanal
3) 1-chloropropane
2) 2-butanol
4) heptanol
Which molecular formula represents a dihydroxy alcohol?
1) CH3CHOHCH2OH
3) CH3CHO
2) NH4OH
4) CH3CH2CH2COOH
Ethers are classes of organic compounds containing the
functional group –OFunctional group
-O-
General formula
R-O-R`
Naming
Name must include
prefixes for the two
hydrocarbon chains
Examples
CH3OCH3
dimethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH3
methyl ethyl ether
To determine if a molecular or structural formula is an
ether
LOOK for the functional group –O- between the C
chains
Example
Which molecular formula represents a member of the
ether family?
1) CH3OCH2CH2CH3
3) HCHO
2) CH3COOCH2CH3
4) CH2(OH)2
Aldehydes are classes of organic compounds that contain
the functional group H-C=O
Functional group
H-C=O
General Formula
R-C(H)=O
Name ending
-al
Examples
HCHO
methanal
CH3CH2C(=O)H
propanal
To determine the correct name of an aldehyde
LOOK for a name ending with –al
To determine the correct molecular or structural
formula of an aldehyde
LOOK for a formula containing H-C=O attached
to a hydrocarbon chain
Examples
Which IUPAC name is an aldehyde?
1) butanol
3) butanal
2) butanoate
4) butanoic
Draw a structure that represents an aldehyde.
Ketones are classes of organic compounds containing the
functional group –C(=O)Functional Group
-C(=O)Examples
CH3C(=O)CH3
CH3CH2CH2C(=O)CH3
General Formula
R-C(=O)-R`
Name ending
-one
propanone
(acetone)
2-pentanone
To determine which name is of a ketone
LOOK for a name ending with –one
To determine or recognize formulas of ketones
LOOK for a formula containing –C(=)Examples
Which IUPAC name is of a compound of ketone?
1) Chloropentane
3) 3-hexanol
2) Pentanoate
4) 3-hexanone
Which structure represents a ketone?
1) CH3CH2CH2COCH3
3) CH3COOH
2) CH3CH2OOCH3
4) CH3CH(OH)CH3
Organic acids are classes of organic compounds with the
functional group –C(=O)-OH or COOH
• Ionize (is soluble) in water
• Weak electrolytes and conduct electricity
• Same properties of acids
Functional Group
C(=O)-OH
General formula
R-C(=O)-OH
Name ending
-oic
Examples
HCOOH
methanoic acid
CH3COOH
ethanoic acid
To determine which name is of an organic acid
LOOK for a name ending with –oic
To determine which molecular or structural formula is
an organic acid
LOOK for a formula containing the –COOH
attached to a hydrocarbon chain
Examples
Which substance is an organic acid?
1) butanoic
3) iodomethane
2) methylamine
4) heptanone
Which molecular formula is an organic acid?
1) CH3COCH3
3) CH3CH2COOH
2) CH3COOCH3
4) OHCH2CH2OH
Esters are groups of organic compounds that have the functional
group –C(=O)-O• Responsible for characteristic smells of fruits and flowers, as
well as scents of colognes and perfumes
• Can be synthesized by combining an organic acid with an alcohol
Functional group
-C(=O)-O-
General formula
R-C(=O)-O-R
Name ending
-oate
Examples
CH3COOCH3
methyl ethanoate
CH3CH2COOCH2CH3
ethyl propanoate
To determine which name is of an ester
LOOK for a name ending with –oate
To determine which molecular or structural formula is of an
ester
LOOK for a formula containing the –C(=O)-O
attached to a hydrocarbon chain
Practice
Which substance is an ester?
1) 1,2 ethandiol
3)
2) Ethyl ethanoate
4)
Which formula is of an ester?
1) CH3CH2COOH
3)
2) CH3COOCH2CH2CH3
4)
pentanal
heptanoic
CH3CH2CHO
CH3COCH3
Amines are groups f organic compounds that have the functional
group –N-
Functional group
-N-
General Formula
R-N(R`)-R”
Name ending
-amine
Examples
CH3NH2
methanamine
2-CH3CH(NH2)CH2CH3
2-butanamine
Amides are groups of organic compounds that have the functional
group –C(=O)-NH
Functional Group
-C(=O)-NH
Example
CH3CONH2
General Formula
R-C(=O)-NH(R`)
Name ending
-amide
ethanamide
Amino acids are groups of organic compounds that have
the functional group –NH2-C-COOH
• Functional group is composed of an amine group and
an acid group
• Joined together in a polymerization chemical reaction
to make proteins
• A protein can be made with as little as two amino
acids but most are composed of 10 or more amino
acids in a chain