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Computer Graphics Prof. Muhammad Saeed Dept. of Computer Science & IT Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Computer Graphics Hardware IV Hardware (Display Technologies and Devices) IV FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 2 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Organic LED Arrays Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) Arrays The display of the future? OLED are: Transparent Flexible Light-emitting, and quite bright (daylight visible) Large viewing angle Fast (< 1 microsecond off-on-off) Can be made large or small Available for cell phones and car stereos FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 3 Computer Graphics Hardware IV FED: FED’s use an array of carbon nanotubes for emission of electrons • Field Emissive Displays were once heir to CRT throne • Super-small emitters of electrons attracted to front glass • Super-fine pixel pitch (comparable to OLEDs) • High brightness, wide viewing angles, saturated color FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 4 Computer Graphics Hardware IV SED (Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display) SED uses an emitter array based on palladium oxide FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 5 Computer Graphics Hardware IV iMod: • Interferometric Modulator uses natural reflective principles (interferometer) • Two-position pixel reflects or absorbs light • RGB stripes are used for color imaging • Initial target is handheld electronics, nearto-eye • Marketed in May 2008 for mobile displays FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 6 Computer Graphics Hardware IV DLP™ technology is based on an optical semiconductor called a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) chip which was invented in 1987 by Texas Instruments. The DMD is basically an extremely precise light switch that enables light to be modulated digitally via millions of microscopic mirrors arranged in a rectangular array. Each mirror is spaced less than 1 micron apart that's a thin gap compared to LCD. These mirrors are literally capable of switching on and off thousands of times per second and are used to direct light towards, and away from, a dedicated pixel space. The duration of the on/off timing determines the level of gray seen in the pixel. Current DMD chips can produce up to 1024 shades of gray. By integrating this grayscale capability with a 6 panel color wheel (2x RGB), the DLP system is able to produce more than 16 million colors. A DMD system can be made up of a single chip or 3 chips, resulting in even greater color reproduction. For example, DLP Cinema systems can reproduce over 35 trillion colors. FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 7 Computer Graphics Hardware IV EL Display: One Color Fits All • Electroluminescent display uses a common-color phosphor emitter (blue) • Color filters (stripes) provide R, G, B imaging • Matrix of electrodes for pixel activation • Bright display, wide viewing angles • Similar to LCD with single-color backlight • Similar to plasma with emissive operation FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 8 Computer Graphics Hardware IV ELV Display • Electrowetting light valve display uses oil and water mixture to shutter light • Change in voltage potential causes oil to shift position • Light source is individual RGB LEDs • Bright transmissive display, wide viewing angles FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 9 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Electronic Paper • • • • Portable, flexible, reusable, light-weight, non-backlit Slow for animations Wider viewing angle Used in e-books » Video FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 10 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Microsoft Surface Technology • Surface looks like surface of a table • No mouse or keyboard, just fingers moving and touching on the surface • Surface recognizes camera, mobile, etc. • File transfer from one device to another with just the flick of a finger • Touch animations and multimedia handling » Video FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 11 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Wall Display • No mouse or keyboard, just fingers moving on the surface or accepting a particular sign language or sound • Made using different technologies • Used in conferences, stadia and halls • Animations and multimedia handling » Video FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 12 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Hologram • • • • Made using laser technology 3-D display and 3-D Screens Contains a lot of information Useful for archiving 3-D objects, advertisements, exhibition of expensive objects • Holographic interactive Computer Screens » Video I » Video II » Video III FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 13 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Raster and Vector Display FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 14 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Raster Graphics Monitors How to generate a line using rasters A line is represented by assigning some pixels a value of 1 The entire line is specified by the pixel values FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 15 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Vector Graphics Plotters How to generate an image using vectors A line is represented by endpoints (50,50) to (120,150) The points along the line are computed using a line equation y = mx + b FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 16 Computer Graphics Hardware IV Bitmap Images Enlarging a bitmap image simply enlarges the individual dots of color. The result is bigger, chunkier dots, with no additional detail. FUUAST vs Vector Images When a vector image is enlarged, it is re-drawn at a higher resolution, displaying as much detail as possible from the original image. Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 17 Computer Graphics Hardware IV END Hardware IV FUUAST Dept. of Comp. Sc.& IT 18