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PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND VALUES IN
HUMAN SERVICES
DR. SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD
JABATAN PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DAN PENGAJIAN
KELUARGA, FEM
INTRODUCTION
 What is Values?
 What is Morals?
 What is Ethics?
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
REFLECTION...
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
INTRODUCTION
 All professional organizations, representing
licensed and unlicensed staff, have established
ethics codes.
 They are public statements that set clear
expectations. They guide practice and uphold
the key values of that profession or discipline.
(Mohr & Nunno, 2007)
 They are broad and general… not “cookbooks”
for responsible behavior.
(Corey, Corey, & Callahan, 2003)
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
ETHICS
 A set of moral principles or values; principles
of conduct governing an individual or a group
(as in ‘professional ethics’), and a guiding
philosophy.
(Merriam-Webster, 1993)
 Ethical principles form moral
persons act as moral agents.
choices
as
 Ethical standards are based on a foundational
value system designed to tell us the difference
between good and bad behavior.
– Another more basic way of putting it is that
ethical standards and principles tell us what
we ought to do in any given situation.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
MORALS/MORALITY
Morals encompasses the individual’s evaluation
of what is right and wrong.
Morality implies a sense of obligation toward
standards share by a social collective.
Morality includes a concern for the welfare of
others.
Morality includes a sense of responsibility for
acting on one’s concern for others.
Morality includes a concern for the rights of
others.
Morality includes a commitment to honesty as
norm.
Breach
of
morality
provokes
perturbing
judgmental and emotional responses.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
MORAL RELATIVISM
 Absolutism vs. Relativism
 Consider
context
when
evaluating
“rightness” and “wrongness” of behavior:
 Culture
 Generation (i.e., age)
 Personal value system
 Consider effect of emotional desires on
ethical and moral behavior.
 What happens when there is a tug-of-war
between ethical standards and emotional
desires or feelings?
 Competing values.
 What do we do when our values collide?
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL REASONING
 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (1976)
 Based on Piaget’s Cognitive Development
Theory.
 Cognitive-developmental approaches to moral
development.
 People go through stages in development of
their ability to reason morally.
 6 stages of moral development – associated
with changes in the individual’s intellectual
development - morality is considered to
change through personal development.
 Moral reasoning is significantly linked with
age, IQ, education and SES (Colby et al, 1983).
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
CONTINUE...KOHLBERG’S FINDINGS
 The stages of moral reasoning are similar for
all persons regardless culture.
 Progress from one stage to another.
 Changing from stage to stage is gradual.
 Some individuals move more rapidly than
others through the sequence of stages.
 Although the particular stage of moral
reasoning is not the only factor affecting
people’s moral conduct, the way they reason
does influence how they actually behave in a
moral situation.
 Experience that provide opportunities for role
taking foster progress through the stages.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
 Professional ethics are at the core of social
work. The profession has an obligation to
articulate its basic values, ethical principles,
and ethical standards.
 Codes are meant to assist the staff person in
making decisions, in other words to guide
“professional judgments” regarding their
practice.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
CONTINUE
 Ethical
Standards
of
Human
Service
Professionals includes all staff who work in
human service settings, including those who
are unlicensed.
 Unlicensed/non-certified
staff
generally
include Bachelor level prepared staff who work
in social work or rehab positions, case
managers, and mental health technicians.
 However, all staff practices are important.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
CONTINUE
 Ethical codes are not legal documents but they
are a component of the expected standard of
care.
 They are often used to assisting legal
decisions related to human service worker
behavior.
 They help guide treatment decision making
and protect against future harm or difficulty.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
PURPOSE OF ETHICS CODES
 To safeguard the welfare of clients
providing what is in their best interests.
by
1. To educate professionals about sound
ethical conduct.
2. To provide a way to assure professional
accountability.
3. To serve to improve practices.
(Corey, Corey, & Callahan, 2003)
 Meant to protect vulnerable individuals from
incompetent or dangerous people who are in
powerful positions and who can cause harm.
(Mohr & Nunno, 2007)
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
HUMAN SERVICES PROFESSIONAL
STANDARDS





Responsibilities
Responsibilities
Responsibilities
Responsibilities
Responsibilities
to
to
to
to
to
clients.
society.
colleagues.
the Profession.
employer and self.
(Codes of Ethics, 2004)
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN ETHICS






Integrity
Objectivity
Professional Confidence
Confidentiality
Professional Behavior
Technical Standards
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
NASW ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
1. CORE VALUE: Service
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: to help people in need
and to address social problems.
2. CORE VALUE: Social Injustice
ETHICAL
PRINCIPLE:
challenge
social
injustice.
3. CORE VALUE: Dignity and worth of
all
person.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: respect the inherent
dignity and worth of the person.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
NASW ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
4. CORE VALUE: Importance of human
relationship.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: recognize the central
importance of human relationship.
5. CORE VALUE: Integrity
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: behaves in trustworthy
manner.
6. CORE VALUE: Competence
ETHICAL PRINCIPLE: practice within their
areas of competence and develop and
enhance their professional expertise.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
ETHICAL DILEMMA
 Absolutism vs. Relativism
 Consider context when evaluating
“rightness”
and
“wrongness”
of
behavior:
 Culture
 Generation (i.e., age)
 Personal value system
 Consider effect of emotional desires on
ethical and moral behavior.
 What happens when there is a tug-of-war
between ethical standards and emotional
desires or feelings?
 Competing values.
 What do we do when our values collide?
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
ETHICAL DILEMMAS – WHAT YOU DO
IN THOSE STICKY SITUATIONS?
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
ETHICAL DILEMMAS – WHICH ONE?
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
HOW DO YOU DECIDE?
WHOSE JUDGMENT IS RIGHT?
ETHICAL DILLEMAS – THE APPROACHES
 There are two major approaches that
philosophers use in handling ethical dilemmas:
 One is to focus on the practical consequences
of what we do.
 The other focuses on the actions themselves
and weighs the rightness of the action alone.
 The first school of thought argues that if there
is no harm, there is no foul.
 The second claims that some actions are
simply wrong in and of themselves.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
HOW TO RESOLVE?
 Kitchener’s
Model
(1994):
four
assumptions that need to be at the
heart of any ethical evaluation.
 Beneficence
 Autonomy
 Justice
 Non-malfeasance
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
KITCHENER’S MODEL
 Beneficence: our human duty to assist
another in need and to facilitate a good
outcome. It speaks to preventing harm to
another person.
 Autonomy: the right to liberty without
interference; the right to make personal
decisions and act on them without being
coerced or manipulated.
 Justice: giving others their due, assuring
fairness, equal distribution of resources, and
appropriately providing what is owed to a
person in any circumstance.
 Non-malfeasance: to do no harm, prevent
harm, remove harm and facilitate good. Do
not kill, do not cause pain, do not cause
offense, do not deprive others .
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
STEPS IN SOLVING ETHICAL DILLEMAS
 Recognize the Ethical Issue
 Get the Facts
 Relevant Facts
 Individuals and groups with an important
stake in decision
 What are the options for acting?
 Evaluate Alternative Actions
 Make a Decision and Test It
 Act and Reflect the Outcomes
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON THE
PERCEPTION OF ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR
 Model of ethical decision making that stresses
the importance of being culturally sensitive.
(Garcia Cartwright, Winston and
Borzuchowska, 2003).
 Challenged the notion that all cultures value
autonomy equally as many cultures operate
on a very interdependent basis.
 Cautioned that what one culture considers
abnormal,
another
culture
considers
perfectly normal.
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN HUMAN SERVICES
AND OTHER RELATED FIELD
• National Organization for Human Services:
Ethical Standards
• National Association of Social Workers
(NASW): Code of Ethics
• American Counseling Association (ACA):
Code of Ethic
SA’ODAH AHMAD G0521898
REFLECTION...
Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w)
Say’s:
“You cannot treat people by
means of your wealth; hence,
you should treat them by
means
of
your
moral
conduct.”
REFLECTION...
Always do right –
this will gratify some
and astonish the rest .
(Mark Twain, 190I)
When I do good, I feel good,
When I do bad I feel bad,
That’s my religion. (Abraham Lincoln)
SA’ODAH BINTI AHMAD, JPMPK, FEM