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CHAPTER 5 OUTLINE
I.
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
A.
________________________________________ - large molecules, so with molecular
weights exceeding 100,000 Daltons.
1.
Macromolecules are composed of ________________________. Chains of similar
subunits.
2.
___________________________ - are individual subunits that make up polymers.
3.
Polymers and molecular diversity.
a.
All macromolecules are composed of 40-50 of the same monomers.
b.
4.
All proteins in all organisms are made of the same 20 amino acids. Just as 26
letters make al the words in a dictionary.
Making and Breaking Polymers
a. ________________________________________ - usually occurs between the –
hydroxyl (OH) groups of two monomers. H2O is removed linking the two
monomers with an oxygen bridge.
OH
O
Oxygen Bridge
b.
________________________________________ - breaking apart polymers at
their oxygen bridge by adding H2O. Results in the production of monomers.
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Polymer
O
Oxygen Bridge
Monomer
OH
B.
HO
________________________________________ - sugars and starches that serve as
important sources of fuel and structural components in living things.
1.
________________________________________ - single sugars with 3 – 6 carbons.
(Glucose, fructose, galactose, etc. . . .)
2. ________________________________________ - two monosaccharides joined by a
condensation reaction.
3. ________________________________________ - many single sugars joined together.
a.
____________________ - storage form of carbohydrate in plants
(Spiraling 1 – 4 α glycosidic bonds) Note: Carbon 6 is always up
b.
____________________ - storage form of carbohydrates in animals.
(Spiraling, highly branched 1 – 4 α glycosidic bonds).
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c.
____________________ - structural polysaccharide in plants.
(Straight 1 – 4 β glycosidic bonds). Note: Carbon 6 is alternately up then down
4.
Modified carbohydrates:
____________________ - main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods.
Contains a monosaccharide derivative called Glucosamine.
C.
____________________ - molecules used to store energy in organisms as well as structural
materials. Made of C,H,O,. Less oxygen than in carbohydrates. Twice the amount of
energy storage. Soluble in nonpolar solvents.
1.
________________________________________ - a glycerol molecule joined by fatty
acid chains.
EXAMPLE:
A Triglyceride – three fatty acid chain attached to a glycerol
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a.
________________________________________ - solid at room temperature.
Many hydrogens. No double bonds between hydrogens. Difficult to metabolize
causing health problems.
b.
2.
____________________________________________________________ - oils.
Liquid at room temperature. One or more double bonds between carbon atoms. 2
essential fats are oleic and linoleic acid. These cannot be synthesized by the
body and must be in the diet.
________________________________________ - important constituents of the cell
membrane made of a glycerol and 1-2 fatty acid chains with the glycerol bonded to a
phosphate group. Contain a ______________________ and ____________________
end.
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3.
________________________________________ - red and yellow plant pigments that
play a role in photosynthesis and phototropism.
4.
a.
Splitting orange plant pigment yields a carotene and retinal molecule.
b.
Retinol molecules play an important role as photoreceptors in eyes.
________________________________________ - class of compounds with four
interlocking rings to form many biologically important molecules. (i.e.: cholesterol,
bile salts, hormones, etc.. . )
D. ____________________ - all enzymes, some hormones and many structural components of the
cell are proteins.
1.
Subunit structure (Protein monomers are amino acids).
a.
Amino acids are composed of ______________________________ (NH2),
______________________________ (COOH) and a variable group “R”.
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
H
H
O
N–C–C
H
R
OH
b.
The “R” group determines which of the 20 amino acids it is.
For example:
R = H:
GLYCINE
R = CH3:
ALANINE
R = CH (CH3)2:
VALINE
R = CH2CH (CH3)2: LEUCINE
c.
Amino acids can serve as acids or bases and are therefore act as ______________
d.
Amino acids are linked by condensation reactions and
form ______________ _____________.
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e.
When many amino acids are joined a____________________________________
or protein is formed.
2.
2.
Protein Structure: Levels of Organization
a.
______________________________ - linear sequence of amino acids joined by
peptide bonds in a series of condensation reaction.
b.
______________________________ - coiling and, or pleating of the amino acid
chains. (i.e.:α Helix or β Pleat). Stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
c.
______________________________ - overall shape caused by the folding or
twisting of the secondary structure. Stabilized by hydrophobic interactions,
hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions and disulfide bonds.
d.
______________________________ - found in globular proteins where 2 or
more polypeptide subunits intertwine to produce a 3D shape that is highly specific
to function.
Importance of Proteins
a.
Proteins are the most abundant molecules in living cells. Functionally diverse.
Control all functions in living cells.
b.
Classification:
CLASSIFICATION
FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLES
1. ____________________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________________________
c.
Proteins are sensitive and may _______________________ (change shape) and
become non functional. Heat, pH and metals all can cause denaturation
.
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D. ______________________________ - large complex molecules formed from smaller
subunits (monomers) called ______________________________.
1. Nucleic Acid Structure
a.
______________________________ - consists of a sugar, a phosphate group,
and a nitrogen base.
b.
Sugars
c.
2.
1.
Ribose sugar in RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
2.
Deoxyribose sugar DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Bases
1.
Purines (2 rings) ____________________ & ____________________.
2.
Pyrimidines (1 ring) ____________________ & ____________________.
DNA structure is a ______________________________ with the base pairing of
__________________ & __________________ and ________________________. .
& ________________________
3.
RNA structure is a single spiral with ______________________________ replacing
thymine. .
4.
Nucleic Acid Functions
a.
DNA carries the _________________________. The information for
constructing proteins
b.
c.
d.
RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins
are constructed
______________________________ (ATP) supplies energy to the cell.
Other nucleotides and dinucleotides act as electron carriers and energy transfer
molecules
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
TTP, GTP, CTP, UTP
AMP
dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP
NAD+
NADP
FAD
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