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Transcript
Vascular plants- Have vascular tissue (vessels) that carry nutrients up and down plant -includes all plants that grow in height Parts of the vascular tissue 1. Xylem-transports water and nutrients from root to leaves 2. Phloem- Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of plant **Both structures extend from root tip through stem to leaves Vascular plants are divided into 2 groups: 1. Gymnosperms 2.Angiosperms Produce seeds in cones Ex. Pines, palm trees Most are evergreens Produce seeds in fruit (Produce flowers) Fruit-Flesh around a seed includes most plants Most are deciduous *Both types have seedshard coat around the embryo Advantages of seeds: 1. 2. 3. 4. Seeds have food to nourish embryo Protects Aids in dispersal Does not require much water to reproduce Anthophyta (flowering plants) have 2 kinds of seeds: 1. Monocot-stands for mono cotyledon -Seeds have 1 seed leaf (Ex. Grasses, orchids, lilies) 2. Dicot-stands for di cotyledon -Seeds have 2 seed leaves (Ex. Garden flowers, most trees) Some adaptations plants: -During droughts, cold, and limited sunlight, roots and stems store food 3 Ways They Store Food 1. Bulb- short stem enclosed in a fleshy leaf base ex. Onion 2. Corm- short thickened underground stem that is not in a fleshy leaf base 3. Tuber- swollen root or stem with buds that sprout to form new leaves -Each eye develops a shoot (ex. Potato) Flowering Plants Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Common Name: Angiosperms Lifecycles of Flowering Plants: 1. Annual-Live 1 year only (Ex. Corn/Wheat) -sprout, grow, reproduce & die -Most herbaceous-no woody material 2. Biennial-Complete life cycle in 2 years (Ex. Carrot/turnips) -1st year-grow leaves and roots/above ground part dies back in winter -2nd year-produce new shoots, reproduce (make flowers & seeds), & die 3. Perennial-Take several years -Produce flowers and seeds periodically -includes all plants that have wood Anthophyta (Angiosperm) plant structures: 1. Roots- Underground part of plant Functions: 1. Anchor 2. Absorbs water and nutrients 3. Transports nutrients to stem 4. Stores food (ex. Carrot) Structures of a root 1. Epidermis- Outermost layer of cells 2. Root hairs- Extension of an epidermal cell -used to increase the area of the root to absorb more water 3. Cortex- Layer beneath epidermisit passes nutrients from the epidermis to the center of the plant (vascular tissue) --Cells that make up cortex called parenchyma cells 4. Endodermis- innermost layer of cortex that surrounds the vascular tissue-it is a waterproof seal that controls passage of water into a root 5. Pericycle- layer inside endodermis-it gives rise to the lateral roots that grow at side of larger roots 6. Vascular tissue- in middle of rootconsists of two parts: a. xylem b. phloem 2 Parts of Vascular Tissue a. xylem-transports water up and down b. Phloem-transports sugar and nutrients How roots grow? There are three zones of root growth: 1. Root cap-at tip of root-it protects root as it penetrates down into earth 2. Zone of elongation-new cells are produced here pushing cells further down into soil adding length 3. Zone of differentiation-cells here develop into different areas such as the cortex, pericycle **Apical meristemwhere the cells of the root divide by mitosis adding new cells to root --responsible for growth in length of plant 2. Stem-above ground part of plant Functions: 1. Support leaves 2. Includes vascular tissue (transports nutrients and water) 3. Where leaves and flower buds are produced Stem Structures 1. Vascular tissue- In middle Includes xylem and phloem Xylem- Transports water Phloem- Transports nutrients/sugar *Other structures are like root *Vascular cambium- where cells divide by mitosis to allow growth in width of plant -width is called girth 3. Leaves --Have a waxy layer- cuticle --Have openings called stomata --Cells that regulate size of openings are called guard cells Leaf Structure: 1. Epidermis- outer layer of cells 2. Mesophyl- beneath epidermis *Place where photosynthesis occurs 3. Vascular tissuelocated within mesophyl takes nutrients and water to and from leaf Transpiration • Evaporation of water from leaf surface Modified Leaf Structures: • Cactus spines- pointed to protect and reduce water loss • Onion leafs- food storage • Pincher plants- trap insects • Aloe Vera- store water