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Plants
4-1, 4-2, 5-1, 5-3, (5-2)
What is a plant? (4-1)
Autotrophic
 Eukaryotic
 Multicellular
 Different structures
 Complex reproduction cycles

What structures do all plants have?
Cell wall made from cellulose
 Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
 Vacuole
 Cuticle: waxy waterproof layer that
covers the leaves and prevents water loss
 Other organelles….
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Tissue
Plants are multicellular
 Cells are organized into tissues, which
are groups of similar cells that perform a
specific function in an organism
 Plants have vascular tissue

Vascular Tissue

Vascular tissue: a
system of tube-like
structures that that
support a plant and
allow water, food, and
nutrients to run
through it.
Light (4-2)
Things that appear a certain color (blue)
reflect that color’s light rays (blue) and
absorb the rest (ROYGIV)
 White light is composed of ROYGBIV
 White reflects all colors
 Black absorbs all colors
 In order for an object to be seen, it MUST
reflect some light.
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Is a red shirt still red in the dark?

No, because color is the result of reflected light and if
there is no light to be reflected, then there is no
color.
Plants and Light
Pigment: a chemical that produces color
and absorbs light
 What pigment do plants have the most of?
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Chlorophyll
What color is chlorophyll?
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Green
Plants also have other pigments to help
them absorb colors of light that
chlorophyll can’t. These are called
accessory pigments.

Ex. Carotenoids, Xanthophylls
Photosynthesis

Why do plants need light?

Light energy helps plants to make sugar (food)
and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
They do this during the process of
photosynthesis.
light energy
carbon dioxide + water
sugar + oxygen
light energy
6 CO2
+ 6 H2O
C6H1206 + 6 O2
Seed Plants (5-1)

Seed plants are plants that:
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Have vascular tissue
Use seeds to reproduce
All have leaves, stems, and roots
 Complex life stages
 2 types of seed plants

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(Gymnosperns)
Angiosperms-flowering plants
Vascular Tissue

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Xylem/Phloem Video
Phloem: a type of vascular tissue that transports
food and larger nutrients throughout the plant

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Xylem: a type of vascular tissue that transports
water and small nutrients throughout the plant


Moves from leaves (source) to roots (sink)
Moves from roots to leaves
Xylem/Phloem
Leaves
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*Leaves carry out
photosynthesis for the
plant*
Cuticle covers the surface
Upper and lower cells
protect the leaf
Towards the top, there is a
layer of cells that contain
chloroplasts
Tubes/veins of xylem and
phloem
Stomata (pores) on the
underside of the leaf that,
when open, allow CO2 in
and O2 and H2O out
Transpiration
Transpiration: when water evaporates
from a plant’s leaves
 How can plants prevent transpiration?

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Close their stomata during hot weather
Open their stomata only at night

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Stems
(p. 147)
Functions:
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Transports substances
from the leaves to roots
Supports the plant
Two types:

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Herbaceous: soft
(dandelion, lily)
Woody: Hard (maple
tree, rose)

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Outer layer of bark:
protection
Cambium: divides to
make new xylem and
phloem (annual rings)
Annual Rings
Roots (p.149)

Functions:
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2 Types
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Anchor the plant
Absorb nutrients and water
Tap root: Thick root that
grows deep in the soil
Fibrous root: tangled
mass of roots
Structure:
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Root cap: tip of the root
that contains dead cells
Under the root cap,
dividing cells
Xylem, Phloem, Cambium,
Root hairs
Plant Parts

Angiosperms are
plants that produce
seeds that are
enclosed in a fruit
(p.157)
Plant Parts
FEMALE PARTS
 Pistils: contains the
female reproductive
parts

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Stigma: the tip of the
pistil
Style: the slender tube
Ovary: protective
vessel where the seed
develops
Ovule: contains the
egg cell
MALE PARTS
 Stamen: contains the
male reproductive
parts
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Filament: The thin
stalk that makes up the
stamen
Anther: Where pollen
is produced
Pollen: where sperm
cells are located
Neither Male nor Female
Flower: Reproductive structure of an
angiosperm
 Petals: colorful, leaf-like structures of a
flower
 Sepals: leaf-like structure that encloses
the bud of the flower
 Plant Part Quiz

Life cycle of an Angiosperm (p.159)
Life cycle of an Angiosperm
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Anther produces pollen, where sperm cells are
located. The egg cell is produced in the ovule,
which is inside the ovary.
Pollen gets transported to the sticky stigma.
Pollen grain makes a pollen tube and the
sperm travels downwards through the pollen
tube towards the ovule. The sperm and egg
join during fertilization.
Ovule develops into a seed, seed coat, and
stored food. The fertilized egg (zygote)
becomes the seed’s embryo.
Ovary develops into a fruit that encloses the
seeds.
The seeds will grow into new plants.
Seeds

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Seed: structure that contains a young plant
inside
Has 3 major structures:
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Embryo
Cotyledon: stores the food
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(p. 143)
Monocot: 1 cotyledon (corn)
Dicot: 2 cotyledons (bean)
Seed coat: protects the embryo and food from dying
out
1. Disperal: spread of seeds through wind,
water, animals
2. Germination: early growth of an embryo
where it uses stored food to sprout roots
Plant Life Cycle (4-1)
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Sporophyte: plant
that produces spores
Gamete: sperm and
egg cells
Gametophyte: plant
that produces
gametes
Zygote: fertilized
egg cell
Fertilization: when
a sperm and egg cell
unite
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Gametes (sperm and
egg) join to form a
zygote
Zygote develops into
a sporophyte
Sporophyte
produces spores
Spores develop into
gametophytes
Gametophytes
produce gametes
Life Cycle