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Plant
Systems
Root and Shoot Systems
Plants have two separate systems:
Shoot System: Leaves, stem and flowers
Root System: Roots underground
(micronutrients)
Plant Tissue Types
• Dermal Tissue: “Plant skin,” the outermost layer,
protects the plant
• Vascular Tissue: “Plant veins,” made up of xylem
(carries water/minerals) and phloem (carries food)
• Ground Tissue: everything else, all cells between
dermal and vascular layers
• Meristem Cells: found in tips of roots and shoots, is
where growth occurs
Plant Tissue Types
Root
• Works to anchor the plant, and also allows the plant to
absorb food, water and minerals (micronutrients)
There are 2 types of roots:
1) Taproots – absorb deep water
and store nutrients
2) Fibrous Roots- absorb water
and support soil (more efficient
than taproots)
Stem
• Transports water, minerals and food throughout the
plant. Also helps support leaves.
Xylem and Phloem make up the vascular system
(nutrient transport system) of the plant
Xylem transports water
and minerals up the plant.
Phloem transports food
up AND down the plant.
Movement of Water in Stem
Xylem are able to transport water
from the roots up due to 2 actions:
1) Cohesion and Adhesion which
create Capillary Action.
2) Transpirational Pull which
occurs when water evaporates
from the underside of leaves
and creates a sucking force
similar to a straw
Leaves
• Leaves are photosynthetic organs for plants –
they absorb sunlight to make food using
chlorophyll (green pigments in chloroplast
that absorb sunlight)
The Cuticle is
the top waxy
layer of the leaf,
it helps prevent
the loss of water
The Palisade
Mesophyll are
the cells that do
most of
photosynthesis
(stomata = plural)
The Stoma are
openings that allow
gases to pass
through, they are
surrounded by
guard cells.
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Notice the
products of
photosynthesis are
the reactants of
respiration
and the
products of
respiration are the
reactants of
photosynthesis
sunlight
36 ATP
Flower
• Flowers are the sexual reproductive organs
for plants. The petals are designed to attract
pollinators like bees and hummingbirds.
Male Portion of a Flower
The Stamen is the male
component of a flower,
it is made of:
Anther- creates pollen
(sperm cells = Male
GAMETE)
Filament-supports
anther
Female Portion of a Flower
The Pistil is the female
component of a flower, it
is made of:
Stigma- sticky surface for
pollen
Ovary- contains
ovules/eggs. Becomes a
fruit to help spread seeds
Style-links the stigma to
the ovary
Pollination
• Pollination is when the male GAMETE
(sperm) transfers to the female GAMETE
(ovules/eggs). This can happen in 2 ways:
1) Wind carries pollen to its destination. This
is a random process and requires a lot of
pollen production
2) An animal carries the pollen to its
destination. This is targeted process and
does not require a lot of pollen production
Fertilization
Just like in humans, fertilization occurs when a sperm cell and
egg cell come together. Sperm and egg are sex cells which
are called gametes.
It takes 1 sperm and 1 egg to form a zygote which is a
fertilized egg.
This egg contains a full set of chromosomes which is called
being diploid. We refer to diploid cells as having 2n
chromosomes
This means that the sperm and egg each only have a half set
of chromosomes which is called being haploid. We refer to
haploid cells as having 1n chromosomes.
Fertilization