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Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I The Colonization of Land Kingdom Plantae What are the 4 main characteristics of the Kingdom Plantae? Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Cell Wall Present 4 Additional Characteristics 1) Cuticle 2) Stomata 3) Secondary Products 4) Starch Storage 1) Cuticle Waxy layer on stems and leaves to prevent water loss. Necessary for plants to survive in terrestrial environments. Problem: Cuticle blocks CO2 and O2 gas exchanges between the cells and the environment. Solution: 2) Stomata Pores on plant surfaces for gas exchange. – plants must balance need for CO2 uptake with H2O loss. Comment 3) Secondary Products Materials not produced by the primary metabolic pathways. Examples: cuticle waxes Lignin (wood) Sporopollenin (pollen grains) 4) Starch Storage Most plants store extra food as starch. Ex: chloroplasts amyloplasts Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations. Plants exist in two body forms. Sporophyte (2N) - makes spores. Gametophyte (1N) - makes gametes. Spores Produced by meiosis. Grows directly into a gametophyte by mitosis. Gametophyte Produces gametangia by mitosis. Gametes protected by a jacket of "sterile" cells. Sterile cells Antheridia Sperm Male gametangia. Produce sperm (may be flagellated). Archegonia Sterile Cells Female gametangia. Produce eggs. Egg Plants: 4 Evolutionary Trends 1. Reduction of Gametophyte. 2. Change from flagellated sperm to pollen. 3. Development of seeds, flowers, and fruits. 4. Development of vascular tissues. Evolution of Plants From green algae called Charophytes. Origin of two body forms? May have been an adaptation or delay of meiosis due to the lack of water. Comment – primitive plants have swimming sperm and depend on water for fertilization. Movement from water to land Modern Charophytes grow in shallow water. This may have allowed them to be pre-adapted to move to land. Plant Taxonomy Class = Division - phyta : suffix for the division name. Plant Emphasis 1. Examples 2. Characteristics 3. Life History 4. Importances Divisions: Examples Bryophyta - Mosses Hepatophyta - Liverworts Anthocerophyta - Hornworts ~17,000 species Nonvascular Seedless Land Plants The "Bryophytes” Ex: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Characteristics Moss Leaf No vascular tissue (in most). No seeds, flowers or fruits. Flagellated sperm. Gametophyte dominant. Often found in wet habitats Why? Reasons: Water uptake by osmosis only. Need water for sperm to swim. Are never more than 10 cm tall. Why? No wood or support tissue Can’t move water up against gravity (no xylem or phloem). Life History Gametophyte dominant. Sporophyte parasitic on gametophyte. Gametophyte Photosynthetic Produces antheridia and archegonia. Needs rain for sperm dispersal. Antheridia Archegonia Sporophyte Produces spores in a sporangium or capsule. Parasitic on the gametophyte. Sporangium Spores Bryophytes -Importances Peat Moss (many uses). Soil Formation. Pteridophytes: Seedless Vascular Plants Examples Divisions: Psilophyta – Wisk ferns Lycophyta - Club Mosses Sphenophyta - Horsetails Pterophyta - Ferns ~13,000 species, mostly ferns Pteridophytes: Seedless Vascular Plants The ferns and fern allies. A collection of several different plant divisions. Characteristics: True vascular tissue. – water. Phloem – food. Xylem No seed, flowers or fruits. Flagellated sperm. Sporophyte dominant. Life History: Sporophyte dominant. Gametophyte reduced, but usually independent from the sporophyte. Life Cycle Spore Types Homosporous - one kind of spore (most fern allies). Hetrosporous - two kinds of spores. males sperm Megaspores females eggs Microspores Psilotum – a Wiskfern Oldest known vascular plant. Has dichotomous branching (a primitive character). True stems only, no roots or leaves. Sporangia Lycopodium - a Club Moss Spores are in clusters of sporangia called a strobilus, which is a primitive type of cone. Strobilus Equisetum - Horsetails Have silica in cell walls. Also called scouring rushes. Have strobili on some stems. Strobilus True Ferns Most diverse division. Forms range from aquatic to tree-like. Spores formed in sporangia called a sorus. Ferns Leaf called a frond. Often have underground stems called rhizomes. Fern – Life cycle Sporophpyte Sori on fronds Fern – Life Cycle Sorus Sporangium Fern – Life Cycle Germinating Spore Gametophytes Young Sporophytes Importances Psilophyta: 1 form eaten. 1st true vascular plant. Importances Lycophyta: Christmas decorations. Terrarium plants. Spores used as baby powder. Importances Sphenophyta: Scouring rushes. Tinker toy plants. Importances Pterophyta: Landscaping and houseplants. Food (limited). Lumber (limited). Home for nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Coal. Summary Know the general characteristics of plants. Know the alternation of generations for plants. What are the evolutionary trends in plants? Summary For each plant division, know: Examples Characteristics Life History Importances