* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Living Things - Somerset Area School District
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Plant stress measurement wikipedia , lookup
Plant secondary metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
Plant defense against herbivory wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
History of herbalism wikipedia , lookup
History of botany wikipedia , lookup
Plant breeding wikipedia , lookup
Plant physiology wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant ecology wikipedia , lookup
Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus) wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Sustainable landscaping wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
Seed Plants Table of Contents The Characteristics of Seed Plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Plant Responses and Growth Feeding the World Seed Plants Characteristics of Seed Plants -There are 250,000 species of seed producing plants. -All are vascular—this means they have vascular tissue for growth and for transporting food and water. -Three types of vascular tissue: *Xylem —transports water and minerals *Phloem—transports food *Cambium—makes new xylem and phloem Seed Plants Seeds and Pollen -Seed producing plants do NOT have to rely on water for reproduction. -They produce sperm cells inside pollen grains. -The pollen grains deliver the sperm cells to the egg cells to form the seed. -A seed is a structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering. Seed Plants Seed Plants How Seeds Become New Plants A seed has three main parts–an embryo (young plant), stored food (cotyledon), and a seed coat (protective covering). If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow. Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants How Seeds Become New Plants Seed Plants Seed Dispersal -Seeds can be dispersed (spread out through the environment) in many ways: *Wind *Water *Attaching to animals or clothing *Being eaten by animals and then released in a new environment with the animal’s feces. *Jet propulsion Seed Plants Germination -Germination is when the seed begins to grow into a new plant. -Many stay dormant until conditions are right (sometimes hundreds of years). -Seeds need proper water, oxygen, and temperature to germinate. Some need sunlight; some need darkness. They use up their stored food as they grow. Seed Plants Plant Organs -Plants, like animals, have specialized organs for carrying out specific jobs. -Plants have three main types of organs: *Roots *Stems *Leaves Seed Plants Roots -Roots take in water and minerals; anchor plants in soil; store food; prevent soil erosion. -Two types of root systems: Seed Plants Roots *Tap roots —main root is larger than the other branching roots. Ex: carrots, radishes, most trees *Fibrous roots –many thin roots with other small roots branching out. Ex: grasses and corn Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Root Structure -A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and minerals from the soil. Seed Plants Stems -Stems function to support leaves and flowers; transport food and water; some store food (underground , like potatoes and onions or above ground, like sugarcane); some make food through photosynthesis (like cacti). Seed Plants -Types: *Herbaceous —soft and green (tulip) *Woody —hard and bark covered (tree trunk) Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Stems Trees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is made up of many layers. The layers of xylem form annual rings that can reveal the age of the tree and the growing conditions it has experienced. Seed Plants Leaves -Leaves trap sunlight and make food through photosynthesis. -Parts of a leaf: *Blade: large, flat part of leaf. It is usually the greenest part and has chlorophyll for making food. *Petiole: thin stalk that connects the blade of the leaf to the plant’s stem. Seed Plants Blade Petiole Seed Plants * Cuticle—waxy waterproof coating controls water loss *Epidermis—(surface cells) thin, outer layer of cells on top and bottom of the leaf. *Palisade layer—(upper leaf cells) tightly packed cells trap the energy in sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Seed Plants *Spongy layer—(lower leaf cells)—widely spaced cells allow carbon dioxide to reach cells for photosynthesis and oxygen to escape into the air. *Veins—bundles of xylem and phloem running through the leaf to carry water and food. *Stomata—tiny pores that allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen and water vapor to move out. Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Leaves -The many layers of tissues and cells in a leaf make its structure well-adapted for photosynthesis. Epidermis Chloroplasts Vein Xylem Phloem Cuticle Palisade Layer Spongy layer Stomata Seed Plants Controlling Water Loss -Transpiration is the process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves. -The stomata of the leaf controls the rate of transpiration. -The stomata can open and close to control how fast water is lost. Seed Plants - The Characteristics of Seed Plants More on Leaves Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about leaves. Seed Plants End of Section: The Characteristics of Seed Plants Seed Plants Types of Seed Plants -There are two basic types of seed plants: Angiosperms Gymnosperms Seed Plants Gymnosperms -Gymnosperms—vascular plants that produce seeds inside cones. *Seeds are not protected by a fruit they are formed in cones; they later fall out of these cones. *Leaves are needle-like or scale-like. *Most are evergreens; keep their leaves all year. Seed Plants Four Divisions of Gymnosperms -Division Ginkgophyta —ginkgos: deciduous gymnosperms with fan-shaped leaves. Example: Maidenhair Ginkgo Tree Seed Plants -Division Cycadophyta —Cycads: palm-like gymnosperms. Example: Florida Cycad Seed Plants -Division Coniferophyta conifers: most are evergreens with needle-like or scale-like leaves and pinecones. Examples: pines, firs, spruces, cedars, junipers Seed Plants -Division Gnetophyta —Gnetum: most are shrubs or woody vines. found in the deserts of Asia, Africa and S. America. Example: Welwitchia Seed Plants Reproduction in Gymnosperms -Most produce both male and female cones. Female cones are large with many woody scales. Ovules form in each scale and produce egg cells Male cones are small. They produce pollen grains containing sperm cells. Seed Plants -Wind carries pollen grains from male to female cones. (Pollination) -A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule. Sperm cells swim down the tube and fertilize the egg. A seed forms. (Fertilization) -Female cones mature and open, releasing their seeds during fall or winter. Seed Plants -Seeds that fall may be carried away, eaten or buried. (Dispersal) -When conditions are right, some seeds grow into new pine trees. (Germination) Seed Plants - Gymnosperms Reproduction in Gymnosperms Seed Plants Importance of Gymnosperms -Gymnosperms have many important commercial uses such as : *Lumber *Paper *Soap, paint, varnish and some medicines all made from tree sap Seed Plants - Gymnosperms Previewing Visuals Preview the diagram showing the life cycle of a gymnosperm. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm Q. How does gymnosperm pollination occur? A. Pollen is transferred from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure; wind often carries pollen from male to female cones. Q. How does gymnosperm fertilization occur? A. Pollen collects in a sticky substance produced by ovules. Female scales close to seal in pollen and fertilization occurs. Seed Plants - Gymnosperms Links on Gymnosperms Click the SciLinks button for links on gymnosperms. Seed Plants End of Section: Gymnosperms Seed Plants Angiosperms -Angiosperms—vascular plants that produce seeds inside fruits. *More than ½ of all plant species are angiosperms. *Angiosperm means “covered seed”. *All produce flowers and fruits. *All belong to the Division Anthophyta. Seed Plants - Angiosperms The Structure of Flowers Flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors. All have the same function–reproduction. Pistil (female) Anther Stamen Filament (male) Sepals Stigma Style Ovary Petal Seed Plants - Angiosperms The Structure of a Flower Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the structure of a flower. Seed Plants Reproduction in Angiosperms -Pollen grains containing sperm cells are carried from stamens to stigma (Pollination). -A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain to the ovule. Sperm swim down the pollen tube and fertilize the egg cells. (Fertilization). -Ovules develop into seeds and the ovary becomes the fruit. Seed Plants - Angiosperms Reproduction in Angiosperms Seed Plants - Angiosperms Types of Angiosperms Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots. Seed Plants - Angiosperms Multiples Is a flower with 6 petals a monocot? To answer this question you need to determine if 6 is a multiple of 3. A number is a multiple of 3 if there is a nonzero whole number that, when multiplied by 3, gives you that number. In this case, 6 is a multiple of 3 because you can multiply 2 (a nonzero whole number) by 3 to get 6. 2X3=6 Therefore, a flower with 6 petals is a monocot. Other multiples of 3 include 9 and 12. Seed Plants - Angiosperms Multiples Practice Problem Which of these numbers are multiples of 4? 6, 10, 12, 16 12 and 16 Seed Plants Importance of Angiosperms -Angiosperms are an important source of food for all life. -All of our fruits and vegetables are angiosperms. -Angiosperms stabilize the atmosphere by taking in huge amounts of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and releasing oxygen. -Other uses: clothing, medicines, rubber, oils, perfume, and pesticides. Seed Plants - Angiosperms Building Vocabulary Using a word in a sentence helps you think about how best to explain the word. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence using each Key Term. Key Terms: monocot angiosperm stamen pistil dicot flower ovary sepal fruit petal Examples: Monocots areare angiosperms that have plants only one seedas Refflesia belongs to group of seed known The stamens thethe male reproductive parts. leaf. angiosperms. The female parts, or pistils, are found in the center of most flowers. Dicots produce seeds with two seed leaves. A flower is the reproductive structure of an This hollow structure is the ovary, which protects the angiosperm. seeds as they develop. When a flower is still a bud, it is enclosed by leaflike As the seed develops after fertilization, the ovary structures called sepals. changes into a fruit—a ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one they or more seeds. When the sepals fold back, reveal the flower’s colorful, leaflike petals. Seed Plants End of Section: Angiosperms Seed Plants Plant Responses and Growth -A plant’s growth response toward or away from a stimulus is called a tropism. *Positive tropism —grows toward the stimulus *Negative tropism —grows away from the stimulus Seed Plants Plant Responses and Growth -Types of tropisms: *Thigmotropism —response to touch *Phototropism—response to light *Gravitropism—response to gravity Seed Plants Plant Hormones -Chemicals called hormones control plant tropisms. *Example: Auxin controls phototropism -Plant hormones also control germination, the formation of flowers, stems, and leaves, and the development and ripening of fruit. Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Seasonal Changes The amount of darkness a plant receives determines the time of flowering in many plants. A plant’s response to these seasonal changes is called photoperiodism. Some plants are day-neutral. Their flowering cycle is not sensitive to periods of light and dark. Seed Plants Winter Dormancy -Dormancy is a period when an organism’s growth or activity stops. -Dormancy helps plants survive freezing temperatures and the lack of liquid water. -This process begins with the change of leaf color in the fall. Seed Plants *Leaves stop making chlorophyll and other pigments become visible. *Sugar and water from the leaves move down the trunk and are stored for the winter. *Leaves fall off to prevent water loss through transpiration. Seed Plants Life Spans of Angiosperms -Three different life cycles of angiosperms: *Annuals—complete their life cycle within one growing season. Ex: marigolds, petunias, wheat *Biennials—complete their life cycle in two years. Ex:parsley, celery, fox glove *Perennials—live for more than two years and flower each year. Ex: maple tree Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature One hundred radish seeds were planted in each of two identical trays of soil. One tray was kept at 10ºC, and one tray was kept at 20ºC. The trays received equal amounts of water and sunlight. The graph shows how many seeds germinated over time at each temperature. Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? What variable is plotted on the vertical axis? Horizontal axis–days; vertical axis–total number of germinated seeds Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature Interpreting Data: How did the number of seeds that germinated change between day 20 and day 25 at 10ºC? At 20ºC? The numbers did not change. Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature Drawing Conclusions: According to the graph, at which temperature did more seeds eventually germinate? What can you conclude about the relationship between temperature and germination? 20ºC; the number of germinating seeds increases as the temperature increases. Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature Predicting: Predict what the graph would look like for a tray of radish seeds kept at 5ºC. Give a reason for your prediction. The slope would be less steep because fewer seeds would germinate. Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Relating Cause and Effect A cause makes something happen. An effect is what happens. As you read through the paragraphs under the heading “Hormones and Tropisms," identify four effects of plant hormones. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Effects Tropisms Cause Plant hormones Germination Forming flowers, stems, leaves Shredding leaves Development and ripening of fruit Seed Plants - Plant Responses and Growth Links on Plant Responses Click the SciLinks button for links on plant responses. Seed Plants End of Section: Plant Responses and Growth Seed Plants Feeding the World -World’s population: 6 billion -World’s population by 2050: may be as high as 10 billion -How will farmers grow enough food? Possible solutions include: *Precision farming *Hydroponics *Genetic engineering Seed Plants - Feeding the World Identifying Main Ideas As you read, write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Technologies that may help produce more food include… Detail Precision farming– uses satellite images and computer to determine the amount of water and fertilizer needed. Detail Detail Hydroponics– plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of soil. Genetic engineering– genetic material is altered to produce plants with useful qualities. Seed Plants - Feeding the World Links on Plants as Food Click the SciLinks button for links on plants as food. Seed Plants End of Section: Feeding the World Seed Plants Graphic Organizer Seed plants have Stems Leaves are needed for capture Transport Support Sunlight used in Photosynthesis Roots provide Anchorage absorb Water and minerals Seed Plants End of Section: Graphic Organizer