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Transcript
22-4 Seed Plants Seed plants are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land. Seed plants are divided into two groups: 1._______________________- bear seeds directly on the surface of __________. 2._______________________- flowering plants, bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. Gymnosperms include _______________, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms include _______________, flowering trees and shrubs, and all species of flowers. Reproduction Free From Water Seed plants have life cycles that alternate between a gametophyte stage and a sporophyte stage. They do not need water for fertilization of gametes. Adaptations that allow seeds plants to reproduce without water include: 1.________________________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________________________ 3.the protection of embryos in seeds____________________________________ Gametophytes grow within sporophytes called __________________ of the gymnosperms and ________________ of the angiosperms. Gametophyte generations live ________________ these structures. The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a _____________________. Sperm does not need water to fertilize eggs; instead the pollen grain is carried to the female reproductive structure by _______________, insects, or small animals. The transfer of pollen is called _______________________. A _______________ is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. An _________________ is an organism in its early stage of development. The _________________ surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the content of the seed from drying out. Seeds may have specialized tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal. Some seed coats stick to the fur or feathers of animals.________________ _____________________________________________________________ After fertilization, the zygote grow into a new plant---_______________________ The embryo can stop growing while in the seed, and can remain that way for a long time. When it grows, it uses the nutrients from the stored food. The Four Main Groups of Gymnosperms are: 1.________________________________ 2.________________________________ 3.________________________________ 4.________________________________ Gnetophytes: About 70 present-day species of the phylum gnetophyta are known, placed in just three genera. Reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones. Cycads: Cycads are palmlike plants that reproduce with ______________________. First appeared during the Triassic, 225 million years ago. Today only nine genera of cycads exist. They grow in __________________ and subtropical places. Ginkgoes: Only one species exists—Ginkgo biloba. Planted in the US because of their resistance to ______________________ Conifers: Most common gymnosperms with more than ________ species Conifers include pines, _________________, firs cedars, sequoias, redwoods. Junipers, and yews Ecology of Conifers: Conifer leaves have specific adaptations to _________ conditions Most develop long, thin leaves, which reduce _____________________ Their leaves have thick, waxy layers Most conifers are ______________________ and retain their leaves all year.