Download Biology: Chapters 3-4

Biology: Chapters 13-16
Biosphere, Ecosystems
ecology: study of interactions between
organisms and environment
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Levels of organization
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Biosphere: all biomes on planet earth (everywhere life
exists)
Biome: group of ecosystems with the same climate (rainfall
and temperature)
Ecosystem: all organisms in an area together with
environment
Community: groups of species in an area
Population: groups of individuals (same species)
Individual
Biomes
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Tropical rain forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical savanna
Desert
Temperate grassland
Temperate woodland &
shrubland
Temperate forest
NW coniferous forest
Boreal forest
Tundra
Habitat: area where an organism lives
TEDIdeas: ants
Gorilla in Uganda
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food chain: series of
steps in which
organisms transfer
energy by eating & being
eaten
shows a one-way flow of
energy in an ecosystem
food web: links food
chains
Energy pyramid: shows relative
energy available at each level
Trophic level: each step in a food chain (or energy
pyramid)
•Only 10% of energy in a
trophic level is available to
the next level
producer: autotroph (uses sunlight to make food) or
chemotroph (uses chemicals to make food)
•Ex: any green plant, photosynthetic bacteria,
phytoplankton
photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O
phytoplankton
sunlight
C6H12O6 + 6O2
cyanobacteria
consumer: heterotroph (eats or absorbs food)
•ex: any animal, decomposer (bacteria, fungi)
decomposition: break down tissue
•results in release of energy
Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Community Interactions:
predation: one creature captures and eats another
parasitism: one organism lives in or on another organism
mutualism: both species benefit
commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither
helped nor harmed
ex: remora
Community Interactions (continued):
herbivore – animal (heterotroph) that eats plants
carnivore - animal (heterotroph) that eats other animals
omnivore - animal (heterotroph) that eats plants and animals
detrivore - animal (heterotroph) that eats dead plants and animals
Succession: series of predictable changes that take place
in a community
•ex: grass, shrubs, trees, forest
Alien (nonnative) species
introduction
Nebraska:
pheasant
mosquito fish
carp
killer bees?
Australia
toad
rabbits
dog (dingo)
Geochemical Cycles
Carbon cycle
•carbon is essential to all living things
•only 1% of carbon is in the biosphere
•carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere
•Atmosphere (carbon dioxide)
•Oceans (dissolved CO2)
•Land (in organisms, soil)
•Underground (petroleum, coal, calcium carbonate
rocks)
Carbon affects:
•Greenhouse warming (CO2)
•Excessive farming
•Car exhaust
•Ozone depletion (CFCs)
Nitrogen cycle
•Essential part of amino acids
•Nitrogen fixation (done by bacteria)
•Atmosphere N2 to NO3
•clover
Algal bloom: results as
fertilizer runs off into a
pond or lake
Water Cycle
Water is essential to life
Terms:
Condensation: gas to liquid
Transpiration: water vapor given off by plants
Evaporation: liquid to gas
Precipitation: rain, sleet, snow, etc…
Runoff
Biotic factor: living
Abiotic factor: nonliving
Global
Warming
Rising Sea Levels
Florida sea level
San Francisco 1m
Google earth simulation
Tuvalu
National Science Academies
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of Australia
of Belgium
of Brazil
of Cameroon
Royal Society of Canada
of the Caribbean
of China
of France
of Ghana
of Germany
of Indonesia
of Ireland
of Italy
of India
of Japan
of Kenya
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of Madagascar
of Malaysia
of Mexico
of Nigeria
of New Zealand
of Russia
of Senegal
of South Africa
of Sudan
of Sweden
of Tanzania
of Turkey
of Uganda
of United Kingdom
of the United States
of Zimbabwe