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Ecological organization: • Species • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biome • Biosphere Species Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Population group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area. Community groups of different populations that live together Ecosystem Collection of organisms that live in a place with the nonliving environment Biome Group of ecosystems with the same climate and vegetation Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga) Biosphere The part of the earth where life exists including land, water, air, and atmosphere We’re going to Study the population level What is a Population? Population Density - Number of individuals per unit area or volume. Population Distribution - Pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest. Population Density or Population Distribution? Random Uniform Clumped Birth potential: max # of offspring per birth 1. • eg. Dog-5 human-1 Fruit fly – many Capacity for survival: the # of offspring that reach a reproductive age 2. • eg. Humans - 15 Cats – 1 Procreation: the # of times that species reproduces per year 3. • eg. Human - 1 fruit fly- every few days! Length of reproductive life: the # of years that an organism can reproduce 4. • • • • eg. Salmon- only once Elephant- 22 month gestational period Humans- 9 months Whale- 11 months 2. Limiting Factors: • Environmental factors that prevent an organism from reaching its biotic potential. • 2 types Density dependent Density independent There are 2 main categories of limiting factors: • 1. Density-dependent factors- factor that depend on the size of the population to act • Density-independent factors- affect all populations equally, regardless of population size Density-dependent limiting factors include: competition predation parasitism Disease These factors exist when a population is large and dense. They do not affect small, scattered populations as greatly. Parasitism Organisms that live and feed on other organisms The host is the organism that the parasites live on. parasites don’t kill the host but may weaken causing death Predator/Prey One organism kills and eats another organism. Prey is being eaten - predator does the eating. Competition Two or more organism of the same or different species use the same limited resources. Density Independent Include natural phenomena, such as weather events unusual weather natural disasters seasonal cycles certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests Carrying Capacity: The largest population of a species that can be sustained in an ecosystem over time Population Graphing Worksheet Exponential Growth in a population J-curve Occurs when a population starts out small and no limitations on resources. Eventually the bacteria will grow until a factor limits growth Amazingly these are called limiting factors!! Occurs when there are limiting factors on a population and the carrying capacity is reached Bacteria Growth Key phases Slow Growth Rapid growth Steady State Decline or death phase