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Exam 4 key posted Office Hours... Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in... The connection between resources and armed conflict: Darfur Changes in precipitation 1900-2000 Drought in the northern part of Darfur has forced nomadic groups to immigrate southwards in search of water and herding ground, which resulted in conflict with sedentary tribes. Solutions to the violence in Darfur must consider the environmental factors behind the conflict. Conflicts over resources are predicted to intensify. Reduced resource exploitation can help mitigate these conflicts. I'm only one person, what can I do? What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate global climate change. Fig 55.11 Energy is lost in each consumer: the 10% rule Human impact: As consumers Use of agriculture in the U.S. About 1/2 of water and ~80% of agricultural land is used for raising animals. Fossil Fuels: Producing beef consumes over 100 times more fossil fuel than producing potatoes. The typical American could save almost as much gas by going vegetarian as by not driving. http://bicycleuniverse.info/transpo/beef.html What you eat can contribute to or help alleviate global climate change. How do stable ecosystems develop? Not all habitats are equal Primary Succession- the first organisms to colonize bare rock Secondary Succession- recovery from a disturbance Primary Succession- from non-living to living Primary succession as this glacier retreats Fig 54.22 Primary Succession after glacier retreat, 150-300 years Fig 54.22 in Primary Succession biodiversity increases as resources become available Fig 54.22 Primary Succession: each stage helps enable the next Fig 54.23 Secondary Succession: after a fire Fig 54.21 Grassland biodiversity and biomass are increased by regular burns Secondary Succession of a field (20 yrs) Disturbances can increase resources, but disturb the interconnections between organisms Human vs Natural Disturbances Restoration Ecology- human involvement in recovering from a disturbance. Fig 56.21 Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A MetaAnalysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 – 1124 Looked at the results of 89 different ecological restorations. Types of Disturbances: Cessation of prescribed burning; Cultivation and cropping; Disturbance, excavation, or burial of Substrate; Eutrophication; Hydrological disruption; Invasion by nonnative species; Logging of trees; Over-grazing; Removal of carnivores or herbivores; Soil contamination Restoration action: Cessation of degrading action only (passive restoration); Extirpation of damaging species (including non-natives); Nutrient removal; Planting of forbs or grasses; Planting of trees; Reinstatement of burning; Reintroduction of herbivores or carnivores; Remodeling of topography; Soil amendments Tbl 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 (nutrients and primary production) (goods) (climate, water, etc) Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 Restoration recovered 86% of biodiversity and 80% of combined ecosystem services compared to nondisturbed systems. Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 What limits the success of restoration? Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 Fig 56.13 Not all habitats are equal A third to a half of all old-growth species avoid younger (<30-year-old) regrowth. What limits the success of restoration? Invasive Species Why are species going extinct? "Global Biodiversity" Chapman & Hall, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, London, 1992 Invasive species can disrupt an ecosystem Fig 55.6 The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) • Its native in Australia and was introduced to Guam accidentally in the 1950’s • Overall responsible for the extinction of 3 out of 4 seabirds; 9 out of 13 forest birds; 3-5 out 12 reptile species on the Island of Guam. • This snake caused the extirpation or serious reduction of most of the island's 25 resident bird species on the main island of Guam. Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) • Introduced to Lake Victoria in 1954 to increase fish yield • Caused extinction of 200+ endemic fish species through predation, and competition • Fish caused indirect increased erosion on land, causing higher nutrient levels in the lake. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) • Introduced as ornamental plant around the world • Now in 50 countries on 5 continents including US • In California it replaced the native pennywort (Hydrocotyle umbellata) which occupies a similar habitat, leading to a marked decrease in invertebrate communities • Limits water transport, reduces oxygen and light levels in the water How Many Invasive Species Are There in Texas? 67 terrestrial plants 12 aquatic/wetland plants 10 mammals 4 birds 7 fishes 11 insects 11 mollusks and crustaceans What limits the success of restoration? Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 Exam 4 key posted Office Hours... Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in...