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Transcript
Chapter 3 The Biosphere 3-1 I. Ecology A. scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings B. Ecological Levels of Organization 1. Organism = One individual 2. Population = One group of species in same place and time 3. Community = Two or more species (populations) that interact 4. Ecosystem = Communities interacting with abiotic factors 5. Biome = Group of “like” ecosystems 6. Biosphere = pertains to area where living organisms occur (land, water, air) a. extends from about 8 km (3.6 miles) up to as far as 11 km (5 miles) down Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual C. Ecological Methods 1. Observation 2. Experimenting 3. Modeling = Using math formulas based on observation and experimentation example: Hardy-Weinberg Principle 3-2 I. Energy Flow A. Producers = (autotrophs) produce their own food 1. Photoautotrophs = use sunlight to make their own food 2. Chemoautotrophs – use inorganic chemicals to make their own food B. Consumers = (heterotrophs-MANY types) rely on other organisms for their food 1. Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Detritivores (feed on plant and animal remains), Decomposers (break down dead organic matter) II. Feeding Relationships A. Food Chain = One way flow of energy from producers to consumers Page 69 Small Fish Zooplankton Squid Algae Shark 1. Eventually end up with decomposers B. Food Web = Shows complex interactions 1. All possible feeding relationships 2. More realistic C. Trophic Level = Each step in a food chain/web 1. Producers are 1st, consumers 2nd, 3rd etc. Page 71 III. 3 Types of Ecological Pyramids A. Energy Pyramid (Page 72) 1. Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level 2. Only 10% is transferred to the next level because organisms fail to capture and eat all of the food available 0.1% Third-level consumers 1% Second-level consumers 10% First-level consumers 100% Producer B. Biomass Pyramid (page 72) 1. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level 2. expressed in terms of grams 3. represents the amount of potential food available for each trophic level 50 grams of human tissue 500 grams of chicken 5000 grams of grain C. Pyramid of Numbers (Page 73) 1. shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level 2. Decreases at each higher trophic level 3. Not true for forests because one tree can serve many other organisms; not a typical pyramid of #s I. The 4 Major Cycles of Matter 3-3 A. Biogeochemical Cycles 1. Matter is passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another B. Water Cycle 1. Rain, run-off, seepage, root uptake, evaporation/transpiration, condensation (clouds), back to rain 2. Transpiration = special form of evaporation; water evaporates from plants leaves to atmosphere The Water Cycle Page 75 C. Carbon Cycle 1. Carbon moves in biosphere by: photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, volcanoes, coal/fossil fuels, mining 2. Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue Carbon Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Volcanic activity Respiration Decomposition Human activity Erosion CO2 in Ocean Respiration Uplift Deposition Photosynthesis Fossil fuel Page 77 feeding Deposition Carbonate Rocks D. Nitrogen Cycle 1. All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins 2. Only bacteria can use Nitrogen gas as is must be converted to another form for other organisms to use 3. Nitrogen Fixation = bacteria change N into useable form (ammonia) 4. Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes 5. Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into N gas in a process called denitrification: releases nitrogen into the atmosphere Nitrogen Cycle N2 in Atmosphere Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Bacterial nitrogen fixation Page 78 Denitrification Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion NH3 Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion NO3 and NO2 E. Phosphorus Cycle 1. Not common in atmosphere 2. Two Cycles: a. Short-term plants get phosphorus from soil, animals eat plants and die, phosphorus is back in soil b. Long-term rock exposed, phosphorus washed into sea by erosion, gets back into rock Phosphorus Cycle • Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Page 79 Short-term cycle Organisms Land Ocean Long-term cycle Sediments F. Nutrient Limitation 1. primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers a. Controlled by the amount of available nutrients 2. When a a single nutrient is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient because it limits growth, development and reproduction of all organisms within the ecosystem. a. When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient— such as phosphorus runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers = Algal Bloom disrupts the equilibrium of an ecosystem- decomposition causes all aquatic life to die. 3-1 The combined portions of the planet in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere, form the A. biosphere. B. community. C. species. D. ecosystem. 3-1 A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring is known as a(an) A. ecosystem. B. species. C. biome. D. community. 3-1 Compared to a community, an ecosystem includes A. the nonliving, physical environment as well as the community. B. only the physical environment of an area without the organisms. C. the entire biome but not the biosphere. D. only one of the populations within the community. 3-1 An ecological method that uses mathematical formulas based on data collected is A. observing. B. experimenting. C. modeling. D. hypothesizing. 3-1 An ecologist marks out an area in a specific ecosystem and proceeds to identify the number of insect species in the area. This is an example of ecological A. experimentation. B. observation. C. modeling. D. inference. 3–2 The main source of energy for life on Earth is A. organic chemical compounds. B. inorganic chemical compounds. C. sunlight. D. producers. 3–2 Organisms that feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter are A. detritivores. B. carnivores. C. herbivores. D. autotrophs. 3–2 How does a food web differ from a food chain? A. A food web contains a single series of energy transfers. B. A food web links many food chains toget C. A food web has only one trophic level. D. A food web shows how energy passes from producer to consumer. 3–2 In a biomass pyramid, the base of the pyramid represents the mass of A. heterotrophs. B. primary consumers. C. producers. D. top level carnivores. 3–2 The amount of energy represented in each trophic level of consumers in an energy pyramid is about A. 10% of the level below it. B. 90% of the level below it. C. 10% more than the level below it. D. 90% more than the level below it. 3-1 The combined portions of the planet in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere, form the A. biosphere. B. community. C. species. D. ecosystem. 3-1 A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring is known as a(an) A. ecosystem. B. species. C. biome. D. community. 3-1 Compared to a community, an ecosystem includes A. the nonliving, physical environment as well as the community. B. only the physical environment of an area without the organisms. C. the entire biome but not the biosphere. D. only one of the populations within the community. 3-1 An ecological method that uses mathematical formulas based on data collected is A. observing. B. experimenting. C. modeling. D. hypothesizing. 3-1 An ecologist marks out an area in a specific ecosystem and proceeds to identify the number of insect species in the area. This is an example of ecological A. experimentation. B. observation. C. modeling. D. inference. 3–2 The main source of energy for life on Earth is A. organic chemical compounds. B. inorganic chemical compounds. C. sunlight. D. producers. 3–2 Organisms that feed on plant and animal remains and other dead matter are A. detritivores. B. carnivores. C. herbivores. D. autotrophs. 3–2 How does a food web differ from a food chain? A. A food web contains a single series of energy transfers. B. A food web links many food chains toget C. A food web has only one trophic level. D. A food web shows how energy passes from producer to consumer. 3–2 In a biomass pyramid, the base of the pyramid represents the mass of A. heterotrophs. B. primary consumers. C. producers. D. top level carnivores. 3–2 The amount of energy represented in each trophic level of consumers in an energy pyramid is about A. 10% of the level below it. B. 90% of the level below it. C. 10% more than the level below it. D. 90% more than the level below it.