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11.6 Patterns in Evolution KEY CONCEPT Evolution occurs in patterns. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Evolution through natural selection is not random. • Natural selection can have direction. • The effects of natural selection add up over time. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Convergent evolution describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Divergent evolution describes evolution toward different traits in closely related species. kit fox red fox ancestor How do convergent and divergent evolution illustrate the directional nature of natural selection? 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Species can shape each other over time. • Two or more species can evolve together through coevolution. – evolutionary paths become connected – species evolve in response to changes in each other 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Predation Rough-Skinned Newt Did You Know? A single rough- skinned newt contains enough poison to kill 100 people. Unfortunately for the newt, its predator, the common garter snake, has coevolved resistance to the toxin. • Some predatorprey relationships are examples of coevolution, the process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Coevolution can occur in beneficial relationships. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called evolutionary. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Species can become extinct. • Extinction is the elimination of a species from Earth. • Background extinctions occur continuously at a very low rate. – occur at roughly the same rate as speciation – usually affects a few species in a small area – caused by local changes in environment 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Background extinctions occur continuously at a very low rate. – occur at roughly the same rate as speciation – usually affects a few species in a small area – caused by local changes in environment One high estimate for the recent background extinction rate for birds is one species extinction per 400 years. If only this natural rate of loss affected the number of bird species, no more than a couple of extinctions should have occurred in the past 800 years. Scientists estimate that the actual loss during this time period lies somewhere between 200 and 2,000! The fact that today's extinction rate vastly exceeds any estimation of the background extinction rate impels many scientists to conclude that we are now on the cusp of the so-called Sixth Extinction. 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Mass extinctions are rare but much more intense. – destroy many species at global level – thought to be caused by catastrophic events – at least five mass extinctions in last 600 million years 11.6 Patterns in Evolution Speciation often occurs in patterns. • A pattern of punctuated equilibrium exists in the fossil record. – theory proposed by Eldredge and Gould in 1972 – episodes of speciation occur suddenly in geologic time – followed by long periods of little evolutionary change – revised Darwin’s idea that species arose through gradual transformations 11.6 Patterns in Evolution • Many species evolve from one species during adaptive radiation. – ancestral species diversifies into many descendent species – descendent species usually adapted to wide range of environments