Download Ecology Notes

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Ecology is the scientific study
of the interactions between
different kinds of living things
and their environment.
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UNIT GOALS
Investigate the relationships among organisms,
populations, communities, ecosystems, and
biomes.
Explain the flow of matter and energy through
ecosystems by
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Arranging components of a food chain according to energy
flow.
Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy
pyramid.
Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H,
N, P).
Relate environmental conditions to successional
changes in ecosystems.
Assess and explain human activities that
influence and modify the environment such as
global warming, population growth, pesticide
use, and water and power consumption.
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How is the
Biosphere
organized?
Levels of 3
Organization
•Organism
•Population
•Community
•Ecosystem
•Biome
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What are the
parts of an
ecosystem?
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Factors in the Ecosystem
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• Biotic: living influences on an
organism in the ecosystem.
Bacteria
Trees
Temperature
•Abiotic: nonliving influences on
an organism in the ecosystem.
Sunlight
Water
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Whale
Water
Fish
Bear
Sand
Temperature
Rain
Cow
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Biotic
Abiotic
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How does energy
flow through an
ecosystem?
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Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
• Energy is not created or
destroyed, it is only
changed from one form
to another.
• Energy FLOWS through
an ecosystem......w/the
main source being ...
• the sun
Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem
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Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem
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Energy flows from Producers to
Consumers
• Producers:
– Plants,some algae, some bacteria
– They capture energy from the sun.
– They are also called autotrophes.
Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 11
Consumers
Organisms that cannot make
their own food are called
heterotrophs.
• Must eat autotrophs for energy.
– ENERGY flows from Autotrophs to
heterotrophs.
Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem 12
Consumers
1. Primary consumers (herbivores)
feed directly on plants or other
producers.
2. Secondary consumers
(carnivores) feed only on
primary consumers.
3. Tertiary or higher level
consumers feed only on animaleating animals.
4. Omnivores can eat both plants
and animals.Examples are pigs,
rats, cockroaches, and humans.
Niche
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• A niche is the role and position of a species
in its habitat.
• Essentially it is the sum of all activities and
relationships a species has while obtaining
and using the resources needed to survive
and reproduce.
• A species' niche includes:
• a. Habitat - where it lives in the ecosystem
• b. Relationships - all interactions with other
species in the ecosystem
• c. Nutrition - its method of obtaining food.
to packet: 2 organisms cannot have the same
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Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem
1. Decomposers :
obtain energy from
dead organic matter
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Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem
WOW
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Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem
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Amt. of
energy
decrease
with
each
higher
level of
consumer
Biomass=
Amt of
living tissue
at a tropic
level.
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10 %
of the
energy
is
pasted
to the
next
level.
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Food Chains
• Series of steps in an ecosystem in
which organisms transfer energy by
eating and being eaten.
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Food Chains always start with the sun
and end with a decomposer.
Overlapping food chains.
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We’re All Connected!
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How do
organisms
interact with each
other in an
ecosystem?
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Community Interactions
•Symbiosis
•Predator-Prey
•Competition
Symbiosis
• “Living Together”
• 3 Types
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Parasitism
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Mutualism
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• Both
species
benefit.
• Ex:Acacia
-ants
swarm a
katydid
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Ferocious
ants uses a
nasty sting to
protect its
home, the
acacia tree.
The acacia
returns the
favor by
feeding the
ants
Mutualism
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Commensalisms
One member benefits and they
other is not helped or harmed.
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Parasitism
one organism
benefits from the
relationship and
the other is
disadvantaged
Symbiosis (all 3) Clip
Predation
• Food Webs contain predator
and prey relation ships
• Can show the Energy Flow in
an Ecosystem
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• Simulation
• Clip
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Review of Community
Interactions
How is matter
cycled in an
ecosystem?
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Matter is Recycled!
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• Unlike energy, matter is recycled
in the environment.
• Matter cycles from one organism
to another.
• Elements like nitrogen, carbon,
and phosphorus are RECYCLED in
the environment
• Matter cannot be replenished
in an ecosystem.
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• It must be RECYCLED!
• In these cycles, elements move
from the environment, through
organisms, and back to the
environment.
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Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen is used by living organisms
to make amino acids, proteins, &
nucleic acids.
• The largest amount of nitrogen is
found in the atmosphere where it
exists as a gas (mainly N2).
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• Atmospheric nitrogen makes
up 78% of our air, but it is in a
nonusable form.
• Lightning and some bacteria
are able to convert atmospheric
nitrogen into usable nitrogencontaining compounds.
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Nitrogen Fixation:
Bacteria in Plant roots convert
atm. nitrogen for the plants to use
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Carbon Cycle
• All living organisms are based on the
carbon atom.
• Carbon is found in the environment as
carbon dioxide gas. From the atmosphere,
CO2 is used in photosynthesis to form
sugar.
• Respiration and decay are two ways that
carbon returns to the atmosphere as a
gas.
– Carbon also returns to the atmosphere when
fossil fuels are burned.
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•Clip 1
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Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphorus cycles through the
environment in two ways.
– Plants get phosphorus from the soil.
– Animals get phosphorus from the plants
they eat.
– When the animals die, they decompose and
the phosphorus is returned to the soil.
• The other way that phosphorus is cycled is a
long term cycle. Phosphates that are washed
out to sea become incorporated into sediments
as insoluble compounds. When the sediments
become exposed, the phosphorus can be
recycled again into the environment.
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Phosphorous Cycle
Water passes from the atmosphere
to the ground or water surfaces
through rain and then eventually
returns to the atmosphere.
Water Cycle
(H & O)
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Simulation
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Wrap Up Cycles
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How do
ecosystems form
and change over
time?
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• Ecosystems are constantly changing
in responds to human and natural
disturbances.
• Ecological Succession is the change
that occurs.
• 2 types of succession
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Two types of succession
1.Primary Succession
2.Secondary Succession
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Primary succession
1. Begins with soil formation
2. Generally slow, many 1000s years
3. Volcanic eruptions, bare rock
4.never had a community living
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Pioneer Species
First species to
populate the area.
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Pioneer Species
SOIL
FORMATION
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Secondary Succession
• Reestablishment after disturbance
• Faster
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• The following natural events are examples
of factors which begin secondary
succession anew:
• A) Forest Fires
• B) Disease
• C) Climatic Conditions - Hurricane,
tornado, drought, windstorms, etc........
• D) Human Disturbance - Roadsides, clear
cutting, yards, etc..........
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5th year
1st year
10th year
2nd year
20th year
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Primary or Secondary?
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• Old growth
forests are forests
whose natural
cycles of growth
have not been
disturbed by
logging, building
roads or clearing.
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How do
populations
grow?
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Exponential growth
In a population showing exponential growth the individuals are not limited
by food or disease.
If the rate of reproduction per individual remains constant through time,
then the rate at which the population increases is a multiple of the number
of individuals in the population.
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Logistic growth
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In most real populations both food and disease become important as conditions become
crowded. There is an upper limit to the number of individuals the environment can support
("carrying capacity“). Populations in this kind of environment show what is known as logistic
growth.
A population can grow exponentially only for
short periods of time, because it would very
quickly deplete all the resources necessary
for its survival. Over long periods of time,
populations tend to attain an equilibrium
population size which is determined by the
available resources.
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Carrying Capacity
The maximum
number of
individuals of a
population that
can be
supported by
the
environment
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What influences
how populations
will grow?
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Limiting Factors in an Ecosystem
Limiting factors are
things that prevent
a population from
growing any larger.
Density-Dependent
Competition-PredationParasitismCrowding/Stress-Food,
space, nesting sites
Density-Independent
Weather-FiresDroughts/Floods-Human
activities
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Density-Independent
Natural factors affecting Habitat
that are positive or negative
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Extreme Cold
Fires
Heavy Snow
Drought
Overpopulation
Flood
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How have
humans
impacted the
ecosystem?
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Biodiversity refers to the number and variety of
species, of ecosystems, and of the genetic
variation contained within species.
Threats to Diversity
& Human Impact
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1-Habitat loss
2-Over-hunting
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3-Pollution
•Air
•Water
Algal Bloom 3-Pollution
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4-Invasion of non-native species
Kudzu is
an invasive
species
Global Warming (proposed) 5-Climate change
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5-Climate change
Possible consequences of Global Warming
• Rising sea levels
• Increasing ocean
temperatures
• Severe weather
Global Warming Clip
5-Climate change
6-Population Growth
U.S.: 306,297,506
World: 6,775,939,586
as of Apr 26, 2009
7-Over use of Non Renewable Resources
• A non-renewable resource is a
natural resource that cannot be
produced, re-grown, regenerated,
or reused on a scale which can
sustain its consumption rate.
Non-renewable
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Uranium
Renewable
Solar, Wind,
Geothermal,
Biomass,
Hydro
Biological Magnification
Process by
toxins
become more
concentrated
with each
successive
trophic level
of a food web
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The theory of global warming suggests 76
that a trend toward warmer
temperatures on Earth will cause glaciers
to lose mass. A major consequence of
glacial melting is
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B
C
D
flooding coastal regions
destruction of fossil records
increased saltiness of the ocean
increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
Ecology:
Organisms in
Their
Environment
Video
Assessment over Ecology (EOCT) will focus on:
• understanding the relationship of the individual to a
population, a community, an ecosystem and a biome
• assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and
required components of a successful environment
• food chains
• food webs
• energy pyramids
• nutrient cycling
– explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth
– pollution
– proposed global warming
– explosive population
– pesticide and herbicide usage
– resource consumption, renewable and non-renewable