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Clip A branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environments. 1 Levels of Organization •Organism •Population •Community •Ecosystem •Biome 2 Factors in the Ecosystem Wolf • Biotic: living influences on an organism in the ecosystem. Bacteria Trees Temperature •Abiotic: nonliving influences on an organism in the ecosystem. Sunlight Water 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Whale • Clock • Water • Fish • Paper • Glass • Aluminum • Wooden Ruler • Sand • Clouds • Hair • Copper Pipe • Wool Air Snail Steak Pork Chops Salad Bread Plant Finger Nails Cotton Fabric Gold Plastic Grapes Leaves Biotic Abiotic 4 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem • 1st law of Thermodynamics: • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is only changed from one form to another • Energy FLOWS through an ecosystem......w/the main source being ... • the sun 5 6 Producers and Consumers • Producers: • Plants,some algae, some bacteria • They can make their own “food” from the sun. • They are also called autotrophs. • Photoautotrophs • Chemioautotrophes 7 8 99 Cyanobacteria Photosynthesis 10 10 Niche Clip • A niche is the role and position of a species in its habitat. • Essentially it is the sum of all activities and relationships a species has while obtaining and using the resources needed to survive and reproduce. • A species' niche includes: • a. Habitat - where it lives in the ecosystem • b. Relationships - all interactions with other species in the ecosystem • c. Nutrition - its method of obtaining food. 11 11 12 12 Consumers Organisms that cannot make their own food are called heterotrophs. 1. Primary consumers (herbivores) feed directly on plants or other producers. 2. Secondary consumers (carnivores) feed only on primary consumers. 3. Tertiary or higher level consumers feed only on animal-eating animals. 4. Omnivores can eat both plants and animals.Examples are pigs, rats, cockroaches, and humans. 13 13 14 14 Clip 1. Detritivores: (decomposers and detritus feeders) live off of detritus, parts of dead organisms and castoff fragments and waste of living organisms. 2. Decomposers : obtain energy from dead organic matter 15 15 WOW 16 16 17 17 18 18 Amt. of energy decrease with each higher level of consumer 19 19 Clip 20 20 Food Chains • Series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. • CLIP 21 21 22 22 Overlapping food chains. 23 23 24 24 25 25 We’re All Connected! 26 26 Community Interactions •Symbiosis •Predatory-Prey •Competition 27 27 Symbiosis • “Living Together” • 3 Types • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism 28 28 Mutualism • Both species benefit. • Ex:Acacia -ants swarm a katydid 29 29 Commensalisms One member benefits and they other is not helped or harmed. • Clown Fish and Sea Anemone 30 30 Parasitism one organism benefits from the relationship and the other is disadvantaged 31 31 Predation • Food Webs contain predator and prey relation ships • Can show the Energy Flow in an Ecosystem • Clip 32 32 Review of Community Interactions 33 33 Matter is Recycled! • Unlike energy, matter is recycled in the environment. • Matter cycles from one organism to another. • Elements like nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus are RECYCLED in the environment 34 34 Biochemical Cycles • Nutrients, the chemical essential to life, are cycled in the ecosystem. • In these cycles, nutrients move from the environment,through organisms, and back to the environment. 35 35 Nutrients are recycled in the environment. 36 36 Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen is used by living organisms to produce a number of complex organic molecules like amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • The largest amount of nitrogen is found in the atmosphere where it exists as a gas (mainly N2). 37 37 38 38 39 39 CLIP 40 40 Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria in Plant roots convert atm. nitrogen for the plants to use 41 41 Carbon Cycle • All living organisms are based on the carbon atom. • Ecosystems :carbon dioxide from the atmosphere • A number of autotrophic organisms (PLANTS) have specialized mechanisms that allow for absorption of this gas into carbohydrates. • Some of the organic matter produced in plants is passed down to heterotrophic animals through consumption. 42 42 • These molecules can then be chemically modified by these organisms through the metabolic addition of other elements to produce more complex compounds like proteins, cellulose, and amino acids. 43 43 44 44 44 45 Clip Fire is important part of the Carbon Cycle. Why? 45 45 46 Falling leaves are an important part of the carbon cycle. Why? 46 46 47 47 47 48 CLIP 48 48 49 49 50 Clip Phosphorous Cycle 50 51 • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances. • Ecological Succession is the change that occurs. • 2 types of succession 51 52 Two types of succession 1.Primary Succession 2.Secondary Succession 52 53 Primary succession 1. Begins with soil formation 2. Generally slow, many 1000s years 3. Volcanic eruptions, bare rock 4.never had a community living 53 54 54 55 Pioneer Species First species to populate the area. 55 Clip 56 SOIL FORMATION Pioneer Species 56 57 57 58 Secondary Succession • Reestablishment after disturbance • Faster 58 59 • The following natural events are examples of factors which begin secondary succession anew: • A) Forest Fires • B) Disease • C) Climatic Conditions - Hurricane, tornado, drought, windstorms, etc........ • D) Human Disturbance - Roadsides, clear cutting, yards, etc.......... 59 60 Clip 60 61 5th year 1st year 10th year 2nd year 61 20th year 62 Primary or Secondary? Clip 62 63 When forest fires burn, it can be good and even necessary for the forest community as a whole. It returns carbon to the soil. Many plants such as this fireweed have seeds which lie dormant in the soil for years until they are heated by a forest fire. Then they sprout. The fire re-creates diversity, which strengthens the forest by making it more resistant to disease. fireweed blooming against a charred treetrunk 63 64 • Old growth forests are forests whose natural cycles of growth have not been disturbed by logging, building roads or clearing. 64 65 Limiting Factors in an Ecosystem Limiting factors are things that prevent a population from growing any larger. Density-Dependent Competition-PredationParasitismCrowding/Stress-Food, space, nesting sites Density-Independent Weather-FiresDroughts/Floods-Human activities 65 66 Natural factors affecting Habitat that are positive or negative • • • • • • Extreme Cold Fires Heavy Snow Drought Overpopulation Flood 66 67 Carrying Capacity The maximum number of individuals of a population that can be supported by the environment 67 68 Exponential growth In a population showing exponential growth the individuals are not limited by food or disease. If the rate of reproduction per individual remains constant through time, then the rate at which the population increases is a multiple of the number of individuals in the population. 68 69 69 70 Logistic growth In most real populations both food and disease become important as conditions become crowded. There is an upper limit to the number of individuals the environment can support ("carrying capacity“). Populations in this kind of environment show what is known as logistic growth. A population can grow exponentially only for short periods of time, because it would very quickly deplete all the resources necessary for its survival. Over long periods of time, populations tend to attain an equilibrium population size which is determined by the available resources. 70 71 Pollution • • • • Human impact on the environment Air Water Greenhouse effect clip 71 72 72 73 Biodiversity refers to the number and variety of species, of ecosystems, and of the genetic variation contained within species. Threats to Diversity • • • • • Over-hunting Habitat loss Invasion of non-native species Pollution Climate change 73 Biome • A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and types of organisms. – Climate is the average amount of rain fall and temperatures • Land Biomes include: Tundra, Desert, Deciduous Forest, Taiga, Savanna, Prairie, Rainforest • Aquatic Biomes include Freshwater and Saltwater 74 Dry Biomes • Desert – has very low rainfall, usually hot in the day and cold at night, found near the equator • Tundra – very low rainfall, very cold, soil stays permanently frozen – permafrost, plants are very small 75 Forest Biomes • Taiga – has mostly coniferous trees (pines), cold, most precipitation falls as snow • Deciduous Forest – Broad Leaved trees (oaks, hickories), has 4 seasons, good amounts of rain (we live here) • Rainforest – very warm, lots of rain, large broadleaved trees that are evergreen, has the highest biodiversity 76 Grasslands • Savanna – has grasses and occasional trees, warm, rains for ½ year and dry for the rest • Prairie – grasses, few trees, 4 seasons, Lots of rain, cold winters, warm summers 77 78 • • • • • http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ecology.html http://bio.colstate.edu/hendricks/images/Envs1105/Autotrophs.gif http://www.stoller-eser.com/trial/colorbook/food_web.html http://www.willamette.edu/~broesler/riverweb/s35.jpg http://www.arcytech.org/java/population/facts_foodchain.html 79