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Natural Selection The members of a species that live in a specific area population are known as a _____________. There are many different populations in a single ecosystem. Each population of organisms has a ______ to play in the role ecosystem. It can be a predatoror it can be _________ and eat another species, prey the _______ of another predator. It might recycle nutrients as a decomposer or create sugars as a producer at the foundation of a food chain. Some organisms, like trees, provide shelter for many different communities. The role that an organism plays in the ecosystem is known as its ______. niche Within a population of organisms, there are many genesmight be more versions of certain ________. There than one version of the gene for hair color, so that some animals are _______ while others are gray or _______. The different brownversions of a ________ gene white are known as ________. alleles Genotype for Fur Color Phenotype for Fur Color Subject A Subject B Subject C GG Gg gg Gray Fur Gray Fur White Fur frequency refers to how common a The ________________ certain allele (version of gene) is within a population. If almost all of the animals in a population have brown fur, than we would say frequency the _______________ for brown fur is high. Random changes in the frequency of an allele occur all of the time. This is known as genetic driftand many different things can _____________, cause it. 1. Genetic drift can be the result of ________ randomIf a population of plants is mostly tall, it mating. can become shorter and shorter simply by ________. The shift inchance the frequency of the tall allele is called _____________. genetic drift 2. _________ Plagues and ___________ epidemicscan randomly affect the frequency of a gene. The number of animals in a population with gray fur might be decreased ___________ because ofrandomly a new virus which killed a large number of animals with gray fur. This change in the frequency of the allele for gray fur is known as _____________. genetic drift 3. A small group of organisms from the population migrate might ________ to a new location and start a new population. If the original population was mostly ________ hair, but the new population had an brown unusually high percentage of _______ haired individuals, then thered new population will _______ towards a higher percentage of red drift hair. This form of genetic drift is known as the ______________. founder effect Some alleles make it easier for an organism to _________. Once survive________ has random changed inchance the ___________ of the frequency alleles, the organisms which have the alleles best _________ for the new environment will adapted survive the longest and pass their genes down to their ___________. Theadaptation process of organisms with the best _____________ genes surviving to pass their ________ down to their offspring is known as _________________. natural selection The _________________ peppered moth is a classic example of natural selection in action. Before the industrial revolution, the moths were mostly a light grey color which allowed them to hide from predators __________ by blending in with the bark of trees while dark moths were easily spotted and eaten. After the industrial revolution began, the _______ black soot from the factories began to cover the trees. The grey moths were now easily spotted and eaten by birds, but the few ______ moths were dark now very well camouflaged. The variation or __________ diversityof the moth community allowed them to survive. The dark moths were now the best adapted and were able to live and reproduce because of the process of natural selection ________________. Now most of the moths are _______ instead of the original dark light grey. If two populations of the same species become adapted __________ to different environments, the processes of natural selection _________________ and _____________ will cause genetic drift them to change so much that the two populations will become different _________. The process two species populations of the same species becoming two different species is known as _____________. speciation ____________ Phylogeny is the study of the relatedness of organisms. This is very closely related to the subject taxonomy of ____________ which deals with placing organisms into kingdoms. Scientists examine organisms and _______ infer where the process of speciation has occurred. To show these conclusions, they create a diagram known as a __________________. phylogenetic tree closest The organisms which are _________ to each other most on a phylogenetic tree are the _______ related. The organisms which are __________ from each farthest other on the tree are the ________ related. least In order to draw their conclusions about the relatedness of animals, scientists often compare genes the _______ found in each organism. If the genes of two organisms are very similar, then the organisms are assumed to be very closely related. Since the genes in DNA are translated into proteins __________, these are often compared as well as their physical structures or __________. The anatomy organisms which are most similar are considered to be the most closely _________. related Orangutan Dog Swine Cattle Tapir Horse Organismsare Q and Organism R related? Which two organisms the most closely ___________________________________________ How can you tell? __________________________________________ They have the most in common! Most scientists believe that the great variety or diversityof life on the ___________ planet is because of a combination of changes to DNA (called __________ ), changes in the frequency mutations of alleles (called _____________) and the process of the organisms with the best genetic adaptations drift surviving and having offspring (called _________________). Photo © 2004 Richard Ling The first life form was believed to be a ___________. Thisprokaryotes is where the name comes from since pro- is a before prefix meaning ________. The processes of mutation, genetic drift and natural selection are believed by many to have begun with a simple prokaryote and continued over great amounts of time until all of the great variety or __________ of life was formed. diversity Photo by Luc Viatour The theory that a series of random __________ mutations coupled with the process of natural ___________ resulted in selection all of the life forms on the planet is known as ___________. The first scientist to evolution popularize this idea was named _______________. Charles Darwin This is why when an organism is very well adapted to a certain environment, scientists evolved assume that it __________ in that environment. If a plant can tolerate snow, then they say that it _________ in a cold environment.evolved It is also why animals with similar characteristics are assumed to common ancestor have evolved from a _________________. Birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals are all considered ____________ vertebrates because they all have a backbone. Scientists assume that all of these very different organisms evolved from acommon ________________ ancestor which had a backbone.