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Ecology •On the following slides, the green sections are the summary. •Underline words = vocabulary! •Hyperlinks are in blue! Background Image from National Geographic; Photograph by Stephen Toner/Getty Images Find Someone Who… 2. 3. 4. 5. Knows the difference between abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem. Knows the meaning of “autotroph” with an example. Knows the meaning of “heterotroph” with an example. Knows the difference between herbivore and carnivore with examples. Knows the difference between mutualism versus parasitism. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/ StaticFiles/animals/images/1024/moose-closeup.jpg 1. Who is Who? Consumer vs Producer Producer Consumer Who is Who? Predator vs Prey Prey Predator http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/05/most-dramatic-predatorpre_n_447712.html#s65332&title=Leopard_Seal_Eats Who is Who? Autoroph vs Herbivore Autotroph Herbivore http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/gecko-palm-frond/ Who is Who? Carnivore Herbivore Carnivore, Herbivore vs Omnivore Omnivore • The ice and steam in Iceland’s landscape (background slide) is an example of a specific environment. What is Ecology? •Different parts of the world have different in environments. •In this unit, we will study the interdependence and interactions between organisms and their environment; better known as ecology. •Everything on Earth [air, water, plants and animals] is connected. Background Image from National Geographic; Photograph by Stephen Toner/Getty Images Knowledge Check What are the abiotic versus biotic factors in the diagram? Turn and talk to your neighbor. Abiotic vs Biotic Factors • Abiotic Factors – non-living things in an environment; EX soil, water, light, temperature, wind and space. • Biotic Factors – living things in an environment; EX plants & animals. http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/biotic-abiotic.gif What is symbiosis? • Within a community of species, there are various interactions that can exist. When two species interact closely together it is called symbiosis (which means “living together”). • In competition, two organisms compete for limited resources [i.e. food, water, space]. – Two of the same species; EX males fighting during breeding season. – Two different species; EX plants competing for light or space. https://www.flickr.com/photos/60912828@N00/5077 946302/">Roubicek</a> via <a • In predation, one species is killed by another. Symbiosis Cont. • In mutualism, both species benefit from the relationship. The butterfly and the flower are helped. • In commensalism, one member benefits and the other isn’t helped nor harmed. • In parasitism, one organism harms another. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://qarrtsiluni.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/asmyth4_dsc_9821symbiosis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://qarrtsiluni.com/2007/12/17/symbiosis/&h=426&w=640&sz=96&hl=en&start= 3&um=1&tbnid=4IZ__26Bk7ZjTM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsymbiosis%26um%3D1% 26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADBR_enUS272US272; Photograph by Anne Morrison Smyth Find Someone Who… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Can name an autotroph in the diagram to the left. Can name a heterotroph in the diagram. Can name a herbivore in the diagram. Can name a carnivore in the diagram. Can name an omnivore in the diagram. Knows if there is a decomposer in the diagram. What is an autotroph? • “Self feeding “ organisms that capture energy from sunlight are called autotrophs (they automatically make their food) – EX plants, algae & bacteria • AKA producers. • All other organisms somehow depend on the producers somehow. http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm What is a heterotroph? • “Feeding” organisms that have to eat are called heterotrophs (AKA consumers). • Types of consumers include: – Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (deer, caterpillars) – Carnivores – obtain energy by eating heterotrophs. (snakes, tigers) http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/images/foodchain/fullchain.gif Heterotrophs Cont. • Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants and animals (humans, bears) • Saprobes: – Detritvores – obtain energy by eating dead organisms (vultures, buzzards) – Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down organic matter (bacteria, fungi) http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/images/foodchain/fullchain.gif Energy Flow • Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy. Arrows show the movement of energy (from the grass, to the grasshopper) – A producer always starts a food chain. http://www.jenningsk12.net/WE/peimann/Science/FoodChains/food_chain.jpe Energy Flow Cont. • Food webs are the interconnected food chains in a community. – They usually show more detailed relationships. http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF Knowledge Check If the insects in the ecosystem were removed because of insecticides, would it be a problem for the ravens? Would other species be affected too? Turn and talk to your neighbor. https://www.msu.edu/course/isb/202/snapshot.afs/tsao/images/foodweb.jpg How is this diagram different from the other diagrams of organisms in the ecosystem? Why is it formatted in this way? Turn and talk to your neighbor. "Ecological Pyramid." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 9 July 2014. Pyramid of Energy • Energy pyramids show how energy moves through an ecosystem. • Each level of the pyramid represents a trophic level. – Producers are always at bottom (with the most energy, most biomass). – Other organisms gain only a portion of the energy from the food they eat – most is lost as heat. http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg Pyramid of Energy Cont. http://www.arcytech.org/java/population/images/pyramid1.gif • 1st Trophic level – at the bottom; producers, closest to the sun, most amount of energy (100%) • 2nd Trophic Level – primary consumers, herbivores (10% of the energy) • 3rd Trophic Level – secondary consumers, (1% of the energy) • 4th Trophic Level – tertiary consumers, (0.1% of the energy) Knowledge Check Heat Loss Animation In this example, which consumers have the least amount of energy available in the system due to the eat loss? Turn and talk to your neighbor. http://files5.pdesas.org/070112214159147142055010099019241217008034040146/Download.a shx?hash=2.2 The Biosphere • Earth is divided into different spheres the biosphere (“bio” meaning life) includes all living things; a biological community including life on land, in water, and in air. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/LivingEarth/Images/living_earth.jpg Recycling the Biosphere • The nutrients of the Earth are constantly being recycled. • There are specific cycles necessary for life on Earth to exist: – The Water Cycle – The Carbon Cycle – The Nitrogen Cycle – The Phosphorous Cycle http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/earth-moon-gallery.html; Photograph courtesy NASA Knowledge Check Let us review the components of the water cycle on the diagram. What does #3 represent? #2? #4? Turn and talk to your neighbor. http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif The Water Cycle • The water cycle is defined as the movement of water through different reservoirs on Earth in any phase (solid, liquid, gas). – #2 = Condensation – #3 = Evaporation – #4 = Precipitation http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif Water Cycle Cont. • Evaporation – water changes from liquid to gas • Transpiration – water evaporates from the leaves of plants http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/657AC917-D6E3-4E55-AAD1-38119A0ACBB4/0/diag_water_cycle.gif • Condensation – water in the atmosphere cools to form clouds • Precipitation – water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail The Carbon Cycle • Carbon is an important element found in living tissues – the carbon cycle is the movement of carbon through the Earth. • You can find calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in your bones. • Humans and other animals breathe out carbon dioxide (CO2). • Plants need CO2 for photosynthesis. http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/carbon-cycle.gif • Follow the arrows to show where the carbon goes within the cycle. http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/54-17-CarbonCycle-L.gif The Nitrogen Cycle • The nitrogen is another important element for life; it is found in the proteins of all organisms. • The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen from the environment into organisms; you can find nitrogen in water, soil, and the atmosphere. http://sbi.oregonstate.edu/about/images/cycle.gif What is a limiting factor? • The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its habitat; or the place where an organism lives out its life. • A limiting factor is a factor that limits the number of organisms in the habitat is; it can abiotic or biotic. Ecological Succession • The natural changes that take place in a community over time is called succession. • Succession Animation Virginia creeper colonizing burned forest in Sam Houston National Forest, on Little Lake Creek Loop Trail. Richards, Texas, May 4, 2008 Image Succession Cont. • Primary Succession – when the first [initial] organisms pioneer species EX lichen, mosses colonize barren land [EX glacier retreat, volcanic eruption]. http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/primary-success.jpg Succession Cont. • Secondary Succession – the changes in a community after an event [EX forest fire]. http://m7science.wikispaces.com/file/view/Secondary_Succession.png/215427266/640x291/Secondary_Succession.png Succession Cont. • When the community of organisms becomes stable, it is a climax community. http://bot1320.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch10/Succession.jpg