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Crusades
Military Expeditions aimed at
reclaiming the Holy Land from the
Muslims
Nine Total
Eight plus a Children’s Crusade
Causes
Contributing
Immediate
Contributing
Factors
Feudalism
Chivalry
Religious Idealism
Weakening of Byzantine Empire
Immediate Causes
• Conquests by Seljuk Turks
• Byzantine Emperor’s call for help
• Pope’s ambition to reunite Christendom
• Pope’s appeal to Christian knights
• Knight’s religious zeal and earthly
ambitions
• Italian cities desire for commercial power
Urban II
gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/images/urban.jpg
• Pope, upon learning
of Byzantine
Emperor’s distress
calls Western
Christians to arms
First Crusade
Facts of 1st Crusade
• Begin 1096 through 1099
• Two parts:
– People’s Crusade – almost all Christians killed
– Knights army – capture Jerusalem on July 15, 1099
• Thousands of Muslims and Jews slaughtered in
Jerusalem and on way to Jerusalem
• The Turks will eventually reclaim Jerusalem
Second Crusade
1147-1149
2nd Crusade Facts
• 1147-1149
• Crusaders, led by King Louis VII of France
and German king Conrad II, once again
attempt to claim Jerusalem but failed
Third Crusade
1189-1192
Also called the Kings’ Crusades
Three Crusader Kings
King Richard “the Lionhearted”
www.carpenoctem.tv/img/lionhearted.jpg
• English
• Only king to finish
crusade
King Phillip II
home.austarnet.com.au/dfgoonan/Phil2Aug.jpg
• French
• Had quarrel with
Richard and went
home to seize French
lands from the
English
Frederick Barbarossa
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg
• Holy Roman Emperor
• Falls from his horse
and drowns
Saladin
members.at.infoseek.co.jp/isariya/saladin.jpg
• Son of Nur ad_din
• United Muslims of Egypt
and Syria
• Defeats Crusaders
• Considered chivalrous by
Richard
• Richard and Saladin sign
Three-year truce
– Christians could enter
Jerusalem freely
Fourth Crusade
1202-1204
Innocent III
www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpg
• Led 4th Crusade
• Crusaders will attack
and loot Christian
cities of Zadar and
Constantinople
Children’s Crusade
20,000 German set out for Jerusalem –
Many died of hunger crossing Alps –
Some went home – other were sold
into slavery
Other Crusades
Mostly aimed at Islamic cities in
Northern Africa and Egypt
Effects of Crusades
Immediate
Long Term
Immediate Effects
Temporary land gains in Palestine
Sack of Constantinople
Temporary gain in papal prestige
Long-Term Effects
• Decline of papal prestige
• Decline of feudal power
• Increase in monarchs’ power
• Increased religious intolerance
• Expansion of trade by Italian cities