Download Middle Ages

Let’s link Medieval Europe to the
Middle East
The Muslim Empire and the Crusades
Islam (things to know)
Mohammed (pbuh)
570 CE
Caravan
Khadija
Mecca
Kaaba
Medina (622 CE)
Hajj
Islam (things to know)
– Quarysh
– Qur’an
– Hadiths
– 630 victory
– 632 death
– Sectarian split
Early Muslim Leaders
632 - 661C.E.
• After the Prophets death in 632 C.E., the
Muslim community that was called the
Ummah needed a leader. The successor to
the Prophet was called the Caliph.
• The selection process for the successor was
the cause of great disagreement.
Abu Bakr
632 – 634 C.E.
• Abu Bakr was chosen by the
ummah to be the first caliph.
• Fought the Riddah Wars
against the Apostasy, uniting
the Arab Peninsula under
Islam and the caliph.
A term generally employed to describe the formal
abandonment or renunciation of one's religion.
Omar
634 – 644 C.E.
• Omar lived a simple life in Medina while ruling the
new Islamic Empire. Scholars report that he repaired
his own clothing, ate simple meals of dates and
bread.
• He was killed by a Persian Christian slave.
• Damascus fell in 336 C.E. and after a prolonged
siege, Muslims took Jerusalem in 637 C.E..
• Re-claimed the area of the al-Aqsa mosque.
Osman(Uthman)
664 – 656 C.E.
• As he was a member of the Quraysh tribe, his
election as caliph was controversial.
• This scandal followed as he promoted family
members, increased taxation, ignored fellow
Muslims and became very wealthy.
• Ruled when Persia was conquered. Cyprus was
added to the empire, and the Muslim fleet sailed on
Constantinople.
• Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the
committee which compiled the basic text of the
Qur'an.
Ali
656 – 661 C.E.
Picture of the
swearing of
allegiance to Ali
at Kufah in the
seventh century
following the
murder of
'Uthman, from a
late-16th century
Turkish
manuscript on
the martyrdom of
Husayn.
• A cousin of the
Prophet, Ali was the
first leader of the Shia.
While support for Ali
was not unanimous,
he was chosen as
Caliph.
• His nephew, Muawiya,
opposed Ali’s authority
and Ali was murdered
at Kufah in 661 C.E.
The Islamic Empire around 711 - 750
C.E.
• October 10, 732 C.E. marks the conclusion of the
Battle of Tours which pitted Charles “The Hammer”
Martel vs. Abd ar-Rahman ibn-Abdallah for the
control of modern France.
• This was arguably one of the most decisive battles in
all of history. Not only did this prove to be an
extremely decisive battle for the Christians, but the
Battle of Tours is considered the high water mark of
the Moslem invasion of Western Europe.
Point of View
• This cartoon could be
titled; “The Cultural
Battle for Tours.”
• What assumptions
does it make? What
views are represented?
What might it look like
drawn from the
opposite perspective?
://www.laughyourheadoff.org
Expansion of the Islamic Empire
The Crusades
• From the 11th to the 13th century, European
Christians carried out military expeditions to
regain the Holy Land from Muslims.
• In 1095, Pope Urban II
challenged all Christians to
take up weapons.
He promised: “All who die... Shall
have immediate remission of
sins.”
Early Crusades
• The First Crusade began as three organized bands of
mostly French warriors.
• They avoided well-defended Palestinian coastal
cities.
• Jerusalem was captured in 1099 amid a horrible
massacre of its inhabitants.
Crusades Part Deux
• The crusaders organized the lands into 4 Latin
states – heavily supported by Italian port cities
(especially Venice)
• 1140s, the Muslims struck back and then
monastic leader Bernard of Clairvaux called
for another crusade.
• It was a total failure
Crusades III
• 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslim forces
under Saladin.
• German (Barbarossa), English (Richard the
Lionheart), and French (Philip II) Kings lead a
3rd crusade.
Crusades III
• Barbarossa drowns on his way
• Lionheart and Philip II can’t get inland so
Philip takes his army and goes home.
• Lionheart negotiates a deal with Saladin that
permitted Christian pilgrims free access to
Jerusalem.
Kingdom of Heaven
Later Crusades
• 4th Crusade (1193) got caught up with a fight
over the Byzantine throne.
• 1204, crusaders sacked Constantinople –
causing a HUGE rift between an already
divided Church
• 1212, a youth Crusade (never made it)
Tragic 20,000 French Children Crusade:
- Ship owners agree to take them to the
Holy Land
- 2 ships sink, the others sell the kids into
slavery in North Africa
Legacy?
• How did the Crusades impact European
society?
1. Added incredible wealth to Italian port cities
2. Instigated attacks on European Jews (Not only
did they kill J.C., but while crusading, these Jews
were allowed to run around free?)
3. Helped break down feudalism
a)
b)
c)
To raise money for crusades, kings had to sell land
Serfs became free, nobles lost power, and kings established
stronger central governments (and greater wealth)
Paved way for nation-states (Portugal, Spain, England, and
France)