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The Crusades Impact of the Church • Remember that the church is the most important entity during the time. • Everyone looks up to the church for guidance, hope, salvation, education etc. • Pope rules almost as a King. Why Did the Crusades Begin? • 1. Reclaim Land of Christ and stop Muslim invasion • 2. Heal the rift between Roman and Orthodox Christianity • 3. Harness energy of lords and knights Initial Ideas • 1074 Pope Gregory VII called for “soldiers of Christ” to aid the Byzantine Empire from Turks (laugh!) • Mad when Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem are abused. • Muslim Invasions spark Christian zeal (support) for the Crusades. Muslim Invasion • Jerusalem sacred to Christian faith • Islam spread and they took control of Jerusalem in 638 (could still visit) • Turks invade Byzantine take Constantinople. (no more pilgrimages) – Emperor Alexius I ask Urban II for help from knights Penitential Warfare • How justify war if church is peaceful? • St Augustine and Pope Gregory VII argue that if in defense or by order of the church then is ok – Called Penitential Warfare – Offered absolution to those who died fighting for the cross – Pope Urban II endorsed when called for the First Crusade The Crusades • Eight Total • First was most documented and successful • Set the tone for what the Crusades were all about. First Crusade (1096-1099) • Pope Urban decides to help Alexius in order to reunite Empire under Papacy (control of the Pope). • Council of Clermont: Urban II gives a speech inspiring French nobles and clergy to take back Jerusalem. (peasants find meaning in the cause as well!) People’s Crusade • 100,000 people set out for Jerusalem. • Have trouble getting supplies and food. (drought) • Not treated well by cities…having difficulty. • Most warriors are unskilled! Christian Crusaders • Speech given in France by Pope Urban II so many French knights answer the call. • Also peasants, women, and children. • Many want the opportunity to have salvation so want to participate in the Crusades. Antioch • First “Christian” site. Matthew wrote gospels there. • Took 9 months to gain control. • Many Turks were massacred (closed in, disease) • Found Holy Lance: Rally around it to victory – Finally defeated Turks Movement to Jerusalem • Some stay in Antioch others on to Jerusalem • Hard struggle – Failure, lack of water and supplies, fast and repent for sins – Finally conquer city and massacred every Muslim and Jew in the city End of First Crusade • Successful (only one) – Won back Jerusalem • Pope Urban II died 2 weeks later (never heard news) • People returned home to families as heroes and those who did not participate are shunned. German Crusade • Jews persecuted as “non-believers”. Some seek out Jews instead of heading to Jerusalem to fight Muslims • Enter Jewish lands and told to convert or be killed…mass killings and mass suicides. • Pope Urban promised rewards from God for killing non-Christians. Effects of First Crusade • Restored the Church • Created Military Orders to protect people • Knights of St. John: Built a hospital wore white crosses and protected pilgrims • Knights Templar: 1119 by French knights wore red crosses and protected pilgrims to and from Holy Land • Teutonic Knights: German and joined others Other Crusades • Various reasons…8 in total…most attempt to gain back other lands. • Jerusalem lost and tried to gain it back again. • Unsuccessful. • Way for the church to keep control of the people. Conclusion • Crusades had negative lasting affects – Separated the Byzantine East from Roman West – Created a divide between Islam and Christianity • Still exists today – Christianity more powerful and dominate during the time. – Created a warrior Aristocracy who are looking for new conquests. Conclusion continued… • Positive affects of Crusades – Idea of Heroism • Encourage us to ponder what divides the religions and similarities and differences