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Download Pope Urban II called for a crusade after the Byzantine Emperor
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Transcript
• Pope Urban II called for a crusade after the Byzantine Emperor asked for assistance against the Turks. •Main army consisted of well-trained French and Norman Knights; this army was joined by Byzantine forces in Constantinople. • In 1097, the armies won the first major battle near Nicaea, now in north-western Turkey. • Inter-army conflict spilt the forces; the Western European forces march towards Jerusalem, fighting battles along the way. • After Antioch was captured, the Turks attacked, but the discovery of a lance said to have wounded Jesus on the cross inspired the Crusaders to a great victory. • In 1099 they arrived at Jerusalem and after 6 weeks of fighting they reclaimed the city. •King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany both lead armies into Asia Minor, but their armies suffered from a lack of cooperation. • The two armies were defeated. • In 1183, Saladin, the sultan of Egypt and Syria, united the Muslims against the Christian states and in 1187 Saladin defeated the Christians after which he retook Jerusalem. • The loss of Jerusalem inspired the Third Crusade; •The leaders of the Third Crusade included Richard the I of England, Philip II of France, and Frederick I of Germany. • Frederick drowned in 1190 on his way to the Holy Land after falling off of his horse; quarreling between Richard and Philip limited the success of the crusaders. •Richard failed to free Jerusalem, but he negotiated a treaty with Salahadin that allowed Christian pilgrims to freely enter Jerusalem. • Resulting from the failure of the Third Crusade to capture Jerusalem, the Fourth Crusade became tangled in Byzantine politics and never reached their goal. •In 1203 the crusaders seized Constantinople and made Alexius and his dad Issac co-emperors; but Alexius could not fulfil promised he had made to supply them with gold and other aid. • So in 1204, the crusaders captured Constantinople again and made Baldwin of Flanders the new emperor. This Latin Empire of Constantinople lasted until 1261. • Thousands of boys and girls from ages 10 to 18 became convinced that they could recapture Jerusalem. • They expected God to let them win because they were poor and faithful and also expected God to part the waters of the Mediterranean so that they could get to the Holy Land. • None of them reached the Holy Land. • Many died or froze during the march to the Mediterranean, and when the waters didn’t part, the others returned home. • Some got aboard easterly bound ships and drowned. • The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) had the success of capturing the town of Damietta in Egypt; future efforts to win stuff failed. • The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) was led by Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire. He negotiated a peace with the Muslims and received Jerusalem from the sultan. • The loss of Jerusalem in 1244 led to the Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX of France (Saint Louis). He tried to capture Egyptian cities, but he was captured instead and ransomed back to his people for a huge sum. • In 1270 Louis led the Eighth Crusade, but he soon died when the plague broke out. • The Muslims continued to gain territory • In 1268 they captured Antioch, and in 1291 they seized Acre, the last Christian stronghold. • Europeans lost interest in the Holy Land, and several attempts to get a crusade in the 1300s and 1400s failed. • Instead, Europe turned to the New World when Columbus found America and gave the Holy Land to the Muslims. Kenneth Reinker Quran Kariem Ben Haas Andrew Feury Ahmed El-Helw