Download Church Reform and the Crusades

Chapter 14.1
Trouble Ahead:
The Emperor vs. the Pope
 Began with crowning of Charlemagne
 Otto I united Germany and part of Italy into Holy
Roman Empire (900’s-1100’s)
 Church was not happy with:
 German power over Italy
 Use of lay investiture: ceremony in which kings and
noble appointed church officials
 Use of simony: the selling of positions in the
church
 1075: Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
 After Gregory banned lay investiture, Henry ordered
him to step down
 Gregory then excommunicated Henry
 Henry went to Canossa in January 1077 and stood
barefoot in the snow for three days to beg Gregory’s
forgiveness
 The showdown didn’t solve anything
 1122: Concordat of Worms: compromise saying Church
could appoint Bishops but emperor could veto
Reform
 Church was reorganized
to resemble a kingdom
with pope at the top
 Church enforced laws
against simony and
marriage of priests
Pope Gregory
VII
New Religious Orders
 Dominicans
Franciscans
Benedictines
 Importance of helping
poor and sick
 These orders included
women and men
Saint Francis of Assisi
Cathedrals
 Gothic- new style of
architecture during
Middle Ages
 Stained glass windows
often told stories for
illiterate peasants
 Chartres (Cathedral of
Notre-Dame)
Warm Up
What were the three main
problems that the Church
wanted to reform?
Answers
Lay investiture- process of nobles
and kings appointing church
officials
Simony- selling church positions
Marriage of priests- this was
against the beliefs of the Church
Crusades
 Pope Urban II issued a call for the Crusades (holy war)
to gain control of the Holy Land
 Goals of Crusades
 Reclaim Holy Land and reunite Christendom
 Keep arguing knights busy
 Younger sons who did not inherit property could gain
position in society, adventure, or riches
 Merchants loaned money to finance the Crusades
First
Crusade
 Large outpouring
of support from all
Christians
 Knights were illprepared and
argued over a
leader
 Captured
Jerusalem and won
narrow strip of
land
Second Crusade
 To win back Edessa from
the Turks
 European army was
defeated
 Jerusalem was taken by
Saladin, a Kurdish leader
Third Crusade
 Philip II of France
argued with Richard
and went home
 Frederick I drowned
on the journey
 Richard the
Lionhearted battled
with Saladin and
eventually agreed to a
truce
Crusading Spirit Dwindles
 In 1204 the Fourth
Crusade to recapture
Jerusalem fails because
knights are too busy
looting Constantinople
 Children’s Crusade: In two
separate movements,
50,000 children died from
cold, starvation, or
drowning or were sold
into slavery
Spanish Crusade
 Reconquista:
effort of Spanish
to drive Muslim
Moors out of
Spain
 Succeeded under
Isabella and
Ferdinand in late
1400’s.
• Isabella and Ferdinand
used the Inquisition
(Court held by Church
to suppress heretics)
to unify country and
increase power
• Many Muslims and
Jews converted but
were still tried for
heresy and burned at
the stake
Effects of Crusades
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Increased trading between Europe and Southwest
Asia
Role of women expanded to run estates or businesses
after men left for war
Power of Pope lessened
Power of feudal lords lessened and power of kings
increased
Persecution of Muslims and Jews caused legacy of
hatred and bitterness
Energy of Crusades also led to expansion of trade,
towns, and universities across medieval Europe