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The Medieval Fusion of Church
and State
Interrelation of Secular and Religious
Authorities
Political and religious authorities
in the High Middle Ages (10001350) had many conflicts, but
none advocated a division
between church and state.
• I. Political and Religious Interrelations
• II. Papal Reform Movement
• III. The Eleventh-Century Investiture
Conflict
I. Political and Religious
Interrelations
• 1. “Separation of Church and State”
– Defining what we mean in the twenty-first
century: “Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”
• 2. The political role of medieval clergy
– Bishops as worldly lords
• 3. The religious role of medieval secular
rulers
II. Papal Reform Movement
(Freedom of the Church)
• 1. Choosing bishops and the Pope
– Henry III installs Pope Leo IX 1048
– Establishment of the College of Cardinals 1059
• 2. Attacking Church Abuses (secular
clergy)
–
–
–
–
Simony
Proprietary Churches
Clerical Marriage/Concubinage
Lay Investiture
3. Papacy as Religious Monarchy
• 1. Extending Papal Jurisdiction
– Popes claim power to invest all bishops (those
outside his territory in central Italy)
• 2. Pope as Feudal Lord
– Conferred the status of king on the Norman
ruler of Sicily
• 3. Development of Canon Law and Pope as
Ultimate Judge
– Papal Curia as a Church Supreme Court
III. The Investiture Conflict
• 1. Control of Milan 1075
– Pope Gregory VII deposed German bishops appointed by
Henry IV
– Henry IV King of Germany and “Emperor of the Romans”
• 2. Gregory excommunicates Henry, who faces a challenger
for imperial throne
• 3. Canossa 1077; Civil War in Germany; Second
excommunication
• 4. Gregory Flees Rome 1084
• 5. Concordat of Worms 1122
Holy War: The First Crusade
Urban II in 1095 in Clermont
• The Crusades grew out of the papal reform
movement of the eleventh century and the
increased political role of the pope in
European affairs. Through the crusades the
popes applied ideas of purification and
regeneration to all of Christendom.
• Not just the clergy needed to be purified,
but also the lay warrior elite. Through holy
war!
I. Preconditions for the Crusades
•
•
•
•
1. Church and Papal Reform
2. Penitential and Devotional Practices
3. Christian Ideas of Just War and Holy War
4. Political Fragmentation in the Islamic
World
– Breakdown of the Abbasid Caliphate and the
Influence of the Seljuk Turks
II. Unexpected Developments
• 1. The Peasants’ Crusade (Popular Crusade)
– Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit
• 2. Attacks on Jewish Communities in the
Rhineland (1096)
– Jews forced to convert or die
• 3. The Baron’s Crusade and the Capture of
Jerusalem (1099)
III. Consequences of the
Crusades
• 1. The Capture of Jerusalem (1099)
• 2. Establishment of Latin Crusader States
• 3. Increased Conflict with the Byzantine
Empire and Eastern Orthodox Church
• 4. Increased Trade with the Near East