Download Unit 5 The Middle Ages and Western Europe

CHAPTER 14
THE FORMATION OF WESTERN
EUROPE
800-1500
SECTION 1
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES
HOMEWORK
ALERT!
READ CH. 14 SEC. 1
HOMEWORK QUIZ TOMORROW
THE AGE OF FAITH
• BETWEEN 500 AND 1000 THE CHURCH FACED MANY PROBLEMS
• POOR LEADERS
• INVASION
• BEGINNING
AND ATTACK
IN THE
1000S, A SPIRITUAL
REVIVAL SPREAD ACROSS
• LED BY MONASTERIES (MOST IMPORTANT
FRANCE)
WAS FOUNDED IN
• REFORMERS WANTED TO RETURN TO THE BASIC PRINCIPLES
CHRISTIAN RELIGION
• THE AGE OF FAITH
EUROPE
910 IN CLUNY,
OF THE
PROBLEMS OF THE CHURCH
• THERE WERE STILL PROBLEMS IN THE
CHURCH DESPITE THE REVIVAL OF
SPIRITUALITY.
• SOME PRIESTS
• BISHOPS
WERE NEARLY ILLITERATE.
CARED MORE ABOUT THEIR
POSITIONS AS LORDS THAN AS SPIRITUAL
LEADERS.
• 3 MAIN PROBLEMS
1. MANY VILLAGE PRIESTS
MARRIED AND
HAD FAMILIES
2. POSITIONS
BEING
CHURCH WERE
SOLD BY BISHOPS, A PRACTICE
IN THE
CALLED SIMONY
3. LAY INVESTITURE PUT KINGS IN
CONTROL OF CHURCH BISHOPS
REFORM
• POPES ENFORCED CHURCH LAW AGAINST
SIMONY AND THE MARRIAGE OF PRIESTS.
• THE CHURCH DEVELOPED
AS CANON LAW.
ITS HIERARCHY AS WELL
• THE CHURCH COLLECTED TITHES AND USED SOME
OF THE MONEY TO PERFORM SOCIAL SERVICES
SUCH AS CARING FOR THE SICK AND THE POOR.
• NEW RELIGIOUS
ORDERS FORMED THROUGH
FRIARS TRAVELING AND PREACHING THE
CHURCH’S IDEAS
• DOMINIC FOUNDED
THE
DOMINICANS
• FRANCIS OF ASSISI FOUNDED THE
FRANCISCANS
• WOMEN JOINED THESE NEW ORDERS AS WELL.
• CLARE, A FRIEND OF FRANCIS’, FOUNDED THE
FRANCISCAN ORDER FOR WOMEN.
THE CRUSADES
• THE AGE OF FAITH INSPIRED WARS OF
CONQUEST
• POPE URBAN II CALLED FOR A “HOLY
WAR”, OR A CRUSADE, TO GAIN CONTROL
OF THE HOLY LAND
• MANY PEOPLE FOLLOWED THE CALL TO
FIGHT BECAUSE URBAN ASSURED THAT
THOSE WHO DIED ON CRUSADE WERE
ASSURED OF A PLACE IN HEAVEN.
• BATTLE CRY: “GOD WILLS IT!”
• THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE CRUSADES WAS
TO REGAIN THE HOLY LAND, OR PALESTINE,
FROM THE MUSLIMS.
• MANY CRUSADES WERE FOUGHT OVER A
200 YEAR PERIOD
THE CRUSADES
• THE CRUSADES
HAD ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL GOALS AS WELL AS
RELIGIOUS MOTIVES.
• THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR ASKED FOR HELP.
• THE POPE WANTED
CHRISTENDOM.
TO RECLAIM
• KINGS SAW THE CRUSADES
PALESTINE
AS
AN OPPORTUNITY TO GET RID OF
QUARRELSOME KNIGHTS.
• YOUNGER SONS IN FAMILIES
WENT TO FIGHT IN THE
CRUSADES
BECAUSE THEY
WOULD NOT INHERIT THEIR
FATHER’S PROPERTY.
• MERCHANTS
PROFITED FROM
MAKING CASH LOANS TO
FINANCE THE CRUSADERS.
FROM THE
MUSLIMS AND REUNITE
THE FIRST CRUSADE
• CONSTANTINOPLE – 1097
• ARMY OF 12,000 CRUSADERS
• CRUSADERS WERE ILL-PREPARED
• UNAWARE OF GEOGRAPHY,
CLIMATE, AND CULTURE OF
THE HOLY LAND
• NO SIGNIFICANT LEADER
• NO STRATEGY TO CAPTURE
JERUSALEM
• JULY 15, 1099 THE CRUSADERS
CAPTURED JERUSALEM
THE SECOND CRUSADE
• IN 1144 THE MUSLIMS
RECAPTURED A PART OF
JERUSALEM CALLED EDESSA
• THE SECOND CRUSADE WAS
ORGANIZED TO RECAPTURE THE
CITY.
• 1187 JERUSALEM FELL TO
MUSLIM LEADER SALADIN
THE THIRD CRUSADE
• THE THIRD CRUSADE
TO RECAPTURE JERUSALEM
WAS LED BY THREE OF
EUROPE’S MOST
POWERFUL MONARCHS
• FRENCH KING PHILIP II
• GERMAN EMPEROR FREDERICK I
• ENGLISH KING RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED
• BY THE TIME THE ATTACK HAPPENED, ONLY
RICHARD WAS LEFT TO LEAD THE CRUSADERS.
• SALADIN AND RICHARD AGREED
1192
• JERUSALEM
TO A TRUCE IN
REMAINED UNDER
MUSLIM
CONTROL
• SALADIN PROMISED THAT UNARMED
CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS COULD FREELY VISIT
THE CRUSADING SPIRIT DWINDLES
• IN 1204, THE FOURTH CRUSADE TO CAPTURE
JERUSALEM FAILED.
• THE CRUSADERS DID NOT REACH THE HOLY
LAND AND INSTEAD LOOTED CONSTANTINOPLE
• THERE WERE 4 MORE CRUSADES IN THE 1200S,
NONE OF WHICH WERE SUCCESSFUL.
• THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE TOOK PLACE IN 1212.
• THOUSANDS OF CHILDREN SET OUT TO
CONQUER JERUSALEM.
• ONE GROUP IN FRANCE WAS LED BY 12 YEAR
OLD STEPHEN OF COYLES
• 30,000 CHILDREN FOLLOWED HIM
• MANY DIED ON THEIR WAY TO JERUSALEM
OF COLD AND STARVATION
• OTHERS DROWNED OR WERE SOLD INTO
SLAVERY
HOMEWORK
ALERT!
THE CRUSADES PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
WORKSHEET
THE SPANISH CRUSADE
• MUSLIMS, OR MOORS,
CONTROLLED MOST OF SPAIN
UNTIL THE 1100S
• THE RECONQUISTA WAS A LONG
EFFORT BY THE SPANISH TO DRIVE
THE MUSLIMS OUT OF SPAIN
• BY THE 1400S THE MUSLIMS
HAD ONLY A SMALL
KINGDOM IN SPAIN
• CHRISTIAN MONARCHS
FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
FINALLY TOOK TOTAL
CONTROL OF SPAIN IN
1492
THE INQUISITION
• FERDINAND AND ISABELLA WANTED
SPAIN UNDER CHRISTIANITY.
• THE INQUISITION
TO INCREASE THEIR POWER AND UNIFY
WAS AN INVESTIGATION HELD BY THE
CHURCH TO SUPPRESS
HERESY
• HERETICS – PEOPLE
TEACHINGS OF THE
WHOSE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS DIFFERED FROM THE
CHURCH
• INQUISITORS SUSPECTED
MUSLIM AND JEWISH
CONVERTS OF HERESY
• PEOPLE BEING
QUESTIONED
WERE ALSO TORTURED
• SUSPECTS
WHO CONFESSED
WERE BURNED AT THE STAKE
• SPAIN EXPELLED ALL PRACTICING
MUSLIMS AND JEWS BY 1492.
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
• THE CRUSADES
ARE AN EXAMPLE OF THE
CHURCH DURING
PERIOD.
POWER OF THE
MEDIEVAL
THE
• THE OVERALL FAILURE OF THE CRUSADES
LESSENED THE POWER OF THE POPE,
WEAKENED THE FEUDAL NOBILITY, AND
INCREASED THE POWER OF KINGS.
• THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE
WEAKENED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE.
• THE CRUSADES STIMULATED TRADE
BETWEEN EUROPE AND SOUTHWEST ASIA
• NEW GOODS:
SPICES, FRUITS, AND
CLOTH
• A LEGACY OF BITTERNESS,
HATRED, AND
PREJUDICE WAS LEFT BETWEEN
AND
MUSLIMS
CHRISTIANS
CHAPTER 14
THE FORMATION OF WESTERN
EUROPE
800-1500
SECTION 2
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
HOMEWORK
ALERT!
READ CH. 14 SEC. 2
HOMEWORK QUIZ TOMORROW
EUROPEAN SOCIAL PROGRESS
• 1000-1300 MEDIEVAL
SOCIETY PROGRESSED IN
AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND
FINANCE
• TOWNS AND CITIES
GREW
• EDUCATION GREW
• POPULATION GREW
GROWING FOOD SUPPLY
• NEW FARMING STRATEGIES
INCREASED THE FOOD SUPPLY WHICH
WAS NEEDED BY THE GROWING
POPULATION
• 800-1200 – WARMER CLIMATE
• SWITCH FROM OXEN TO HORSES
TO PULL PLOWS
• SWITCH TO THREE-FIELD
FARMING SYSTEM
• 2/3 OF LAND WAS USED AT
ONE TIME AND 1/3 WAS
LEFT FALLOW
• AS FOOD SUPPLY INCREASED,
POPULATION INCREASED AND PEOPLE
WERE BETTER ABLE TO RESIST DISEASE
AND LIVE LONGER
TRADE AND FINANCE EXPAND
• BECAUSE
POPULATION WAS GROWING, TRADE
AND FINANCE ALSO GREW
• GUILDS DEVELOPED
WHICH WERE
ORGANIZATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE SAME
BUSINESS OR OCCUPATION WORKING TO
IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
CONDITIONS OF ITS MEMBERS.
• THE FIRST GUILDS WERE MERCHANT
GUILDS.
• CONTROLLED ALL WAGES AND PRICES
• ENFORCED STANDARDS
OF QUALITY
• THE WEALTH THE GUILDS ACQUIRED
HELPED
THEM ESTABLISH INFLUENCE OVER THE
GOVERNMENT AND THE ECONOMY OF
TOWNS AND CITIES.
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
• INCREASED
AVAILABILITY OF TRADE
GOODS AND NEW WAYS OF DOING
BUSINESS CHANGED LIFE IN
EUROPE
• THIS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND
BUSINESS IS CALLED THE
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION.
• MOST TRADE TOOK PLACE IN TOWNS.
• PEOPLE LEFT THE MANOR TO ATTEND
FAIRS WHERE THEY TRADED THEIR
HOMEMADE ITEMS WITH PEOPLE FROM
ALL OVER EUROPE.
• GOODS FROM FOREIGN LANDS
BECAME AVAILABLE.
• ITALY, ASIA, CONSTANTINOPLE,
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
THE
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
• AS MERCHANTS TRAVELED FROM FAIR
TO FAIR THEY NEEDED LARGE
AMOUNTS OF CASH OR CREDIT AND
WAYS TO EXCHANGE MANY TYPES OF
CURRENCIES.
• BANKING,
STARTED BY THE
CHURCH,
BECOMES AN IMPORTANT BUSINESS
• THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION HAD
A MAJOR EFFECT ON THE LIVES OF
EUROPEANS.
• CHANGED
WHAT PEOPLE DID TO
EARN A LIVING
• CHANGED
WHERE PEOPLE LIVED
• TOWNS GREW INTO CITIES
URBAN LIFE FLOURISHES
• AS TRADE GREW, TOWNS GREW
• MANY PEOPLE ABANDONED
THE
MANOR TO LIVE IN A TOWN
• TOWNS DEVELOPED NEAR
PORTS, CROSSROADS, AND
RIVERS
• MORE ECONOMIC
AND SOCIAL
OPPORTUNITIES
• BURGHER – TOWN DWELLER
•
LIVING CONDITIONS IN TOWNS WERE
ROUGH
• NARROW, ANIMAL-FILLED STREETS
• NO SEWERS OR GARBAGE
• NO BATHING
REMOVAL
OR CLEAN WATER
• WOODEN HOUSED
CAUSED FIRES
REVIVAL OF LEARNING
• GROWING TRADE AND GROWING CITIES BROUGHT A NEW INTEREST IN LEARNING
• THE UNIVERSITY DEVELOPED IN WESTERN EUROPE
• “UNIVERSITY” ORIGINALLY REFERRED TO A GROUP OF SCHOLARS WHO MET AND
LEARNED AND TAUGHT
• PARIS, ITALY, AND ENGLAND BY THE 1100S
• STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITIES WERE SONS OF BURGHERS AND ARTISANS
• GOAL WAS A JOB IN GOVERNMENT OR THE CHURCH
REVIVAL OF LEARNING
• NEW IDEAS
CAME OUT OF THE UNIVERSITIES.
• SCHOLARS WERE WRITING
IN LATIN, BUT SOME
POETS STARTED USING THE VERNACULAR, OR THE
EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF AN AREA
• EX. GEOFFREY CHAUCER WROTE “THE
CANTERBURY TALES”
• USING THE VERNACULAR
MADE LITERATURE
ACCESSIBLE TO MANY PEOPLE
• RENEWED
INTEREST IN THE WORKS OF
GREEK
PHILOSOPHERS
• THOMAS AQUINAS WROTE SUMMA
THEOLOGICA INSPIRED BY ARISTOTLE.
• AQUINAS AND HIS FELLOW SCHOLARS
MET AT UNIVERSITIES WERE KNOWN AS
SCHOOLMEN, OR SCHOLASTICS.
WHO