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CHAPTER 14 THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE 800-1500 SECTION 1 CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES HOMEWORK ALERT! READ CH. 14 SEC. 1 HOMEWORK QUIZ TOMORROW THE AGE OF FAITH • BETWEEN 500 AND 1000 THE CHURCH FACED MANY PROBLEMS • POOR LEADERS • INVASION • BEGINNING AND ATTACK IN THE 1000S, A SPIRITUAL REVIVAL SPREAD ACROSS • LED BY MONASTERIES (MOST IMPORTANT FRANCE) WAS FOUNDED IN • REFORMERS WANTED TO RETURN TO THE BASIC PRINCIPLES CHRISTIAN RELIGION • THE AGE OF FAITH EUROPE 910 IN CLUNY, OF THE PROBLEMS OF THE CHURCH • THERE WERE STILL PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH DESPITE THE REVIVAL OF SPIRITUALITY. • SOME PRIESTS • BISHOPS WERE NEARLY ILLITERATE. CARED MORE ABOUT THEIR POSITIONS AS LORDS THAN AS SPIRITUAL LEADERS. • 3 MAIN PROBLEMS 1. MANY VILLAGE PRIESTS MARRIED AND HAD FAMILIES 2. POSITIONS BEING CHURCH WERE SOLD BY BISHOPS, A PRACTICE IN THE CALLED SIMONY 3. LAY INVESTITURE PUT KINGS IN CONTROL OF CHURCH BISHOPS REFORM • POPES ENFORCED CHURCH LAW AGAINST SIMONY AND THE MARRIAGE OF PRIESTS. • THE CHURCH DEVELOPED AS CANON LAW. ITS HIERARCHY AS WELL • THE CHURCH COLLECTED TITHES AND USED SOME OF THE MONEY TO PERFORM SOCIAL SERVICES SUCH AS CARING FOR THE SICK AND THE POOR. • NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS FORMED THROUGH FRIARS TRAVELING AND PREACHING THE CHURCH’S IDEAS • DOMINIC FOUNDED THE DOMINICANS • FRANCIS OF ASSISI FOUNDED THE FRANCISCANS • WOMEN JOINED THESE NEW ORDERS AS WELL. • CLARE, A FRIEND OF FRANCIS’, FOUNDED THE FRANCISCAN ORDER FOR WOMEN. THE CRUSADES • THE AGE OF FAITH INSPIRED WARS OF CONQUEST • POPE URBAN II CALLED FOR A “HOLY WAR”, OR A CRUSADE, TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE HOLY LAND • MANY PEOPLE FOLLOWED THE CALL TO FIGHT BECAUSE URBAN ASSURED THAT THOSE WHO DIED ON CRUSADE WERE ASSURED OF A PLACE IN HEAVEN. • BATTLE CRY: “GOD WILLS IT!” • THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE CRUSADES WAS TO REGAIN THE HOLY LAND, OR PALESTINE, FROM THE MUSLIMS. • MANY CRUSADES WERE FOUGHT OVER A 200 YEAR PERIOD THE CRUSADES • THE CRUSADES HAD ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL GOALS AS WELL AS RELIGIOUS MOTIVES. • THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR ASKED FOR HELP. • THE POPE WANTED CHRISTENDOM. TO RECLAIM • KINGS SAW THE CRUSADES PALESTINE AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO GET RID OF QUARRELSOME KNIGHTS. • YOUNGER SONS IN FAMILIES WENT TO FIGHT IN THE CRUSADES BECAUSE THEY WOULD NOT INHERIT THEIR FATHER’S PROPERTY. • MERCHANTS PROFITED FROM MAKING CASH LOANS TO FINANCE THE CRUSADERS. FROM THE MUSLIMS AND REUNITE THE FIRST CRUSADE • CONSTANTINOPLE – 1097 • ARMY OF 12,000 CRUSADERS • CRUSADERS WERE ILL-PREPARED • UNAWARE OF GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND CULTURE OF THE HOLY LAND • NO SIGNIFICANT LEADER • NO STRATEGY TO CAPTURE JERUSALEM • JULY 15, 1099 THE CRUSADERS CAPTURED JERUSALEM THE SECOND CRUSADE • IN 1144 THE MUSLIMS RECAPTURED A PART OF JERUSALEM CALLED EDESSA • THE SECOND CRUSADE WAS ORGANIZED TO RECAPTURE THE CITY. • 1187 JERUSALEM FELL TO MUSLIM LEADER SALADIN THE THIRD CRUSADE • THE THIRD CRUSADE TO RECAPTURE JERUSALEM WAS LED BY THREE OF EUROPE’S MOST POWERFUL MONARCHS • FRENCH KING PHILIP II • GERMAN EMPEROR FREDERICK I • ENGLISH KING RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED • BY THE TIME THE ATTACK HAPPENED, ONLY RICHARD WAS LEFT TO LEAD THE CRUSADERS. • SALADIN AND RICHARD AGREED 1192 • JERUSALEM TO A TRUCE IN REMAINED UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL • SALADIN PROMISED THAT UNARMED CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS COULD FREELY VISIT THE CRUSADING SPIRIT DWINDLES • IN 1204, THE FOURTH CRUSADE TO CAPTURE JERUSALEM FAILED. • THE CRUSADERS DID NOT REACH THE HOLY LAND AND INSTEAD LOOTED CONSTANTINOPLE • THERE WERE 4 MORE CRUSADES IN THE 1200S, NONE OF WHICH WERE SUCCESSFUL. • THE CHILDREN’S CRUSADE TOOK PLACE IN 1212. • THOUSANDS OF CHILDREN SET OUT TO CONQUER JERUSALEM. • ONE GROUP IN FRANCE WAS LED BY 12 YEAR OLD STEPHEN OF COYLES • 30,000 CHILDREN FOLLOWED HIM • MANY DIED ON THEIR WAY TO JERUSALEM OF COLD AND STARVATION • OTHERS DROWNED OR WERE SOLD INTO SLAVERY HOMEWORK ALERT! THE CRUSADES PRIMARY DOCUMENTS WORKSHEET THE SPANISH CRUSADE • MUSLIMS, OR MOORS, CONTROLLED MOST OF SPAIN UNTIL THE 1100S • THE RECONQUISTA WAS A LONG EFFORT BY THE SPANISH TO DRIVE THE MUSLIMS OUT OF SPAIN • BY THE 1400S THE MUSLIMS HAD ONLY A SMALL KINGDOM IN SPAIN • CHRISTIAN MONARCHS FERDINAND AND ISABELLA FINALLY TOOK TOTAL CONTROL OF SPAIN IN 1492 THE INQUISITION • FERDINAND AND ISABELLA WANTED SPAIN UNDER CHRISTIANITY. • THE INQUISITION TO INCREASE THEIR POWER AND UNIFY WAS AN INVESTIGATION HELD BY THE CHURCH TO SUPPRESS HERESY • HERETICS – PEOPLE TEACHINGS OF THE WHOSE RELIGIOUS BELIEFS DIFFERED FROM THE CHURCH • INQUISITORS SUSPECTED MUSLIM AND JEWISH CONVERTS OF HERESY • PEOPLE BEING QUESTIONED WERE ALSO TORTURED • SUSPECTS WHO CONFESSED WERE BURNED AT THE STAKE • SPAIN EXPELLED ALL PRACTICING MUSLIMS AND JEWS BY 1492. EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES • THE CRUSADES ARE AN EXAMPLE OF THE CHURCH DURING PERIOD. POWER OF THE MEDIEVAL THE • THE OVERALL FAILURE OF THE CRUSADES LESSENED THE POWER OF THE POPE, WEAKENED THE FEUDAL NOBILITY, AND INCREASED THE POWER OF KINGS. • THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE WEAKENED THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. • THE CRUSADES STIMULATED TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND SOUTHWEST ASIA • NEW GOODS: SPICES, FRUITS, AND CLOTH • A LEGACY OF BITTERNESS, HATRED, AND PREJUDICE WAS LEFT BETWEEN AND MUSLIMS CHRISTIANS CHAPTER 14 THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE 800-1500 SECTION 2 CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY HOMEWORK ALERT! READ CH. 14 SEC. 2 HOMEWORK QUIZ TOMORROW EUROPEAN SOCIAL PROGRESS • 1000-1300 MEDIEVAL SOCIETY PROGRESSED IN AGRICULTURE, TRADE AND FINANCE • TOWNS AND CITIES GREW • EDUCATION GREW • POPULATION GREW GROWING FOOD SUPPLY • NEW FARMING STRATEGIES INCREASED THE FOOD SUPPLY WHICH WAS NEEDED BY THE GROWING POPULATION • 800-1200 – WARMER CLIMATE • SWITCH FROM OXEN TO HORSES TO PULL PLOWS • SWITCH TO THREE-FIELD FARMING SYSTEM • 2/3 OF LAND WAS USED AT ONE TIME AND 1/3 WAS LEFT FALLOW • AS FOOD SUPPLY INCREASED, POPULATION INCREASED AND PEOPLE WERE BETTER ABLE TO RESIST DISEASE AND LIVE LONGER TRADE AND FINANCE EXPAND • BECAUSE POPULATION WAS GROWING, TRADE AND FINANCE ALSO GREW • GUILDS DEVELOPED WHICH WERE ORGANIZATIONS OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE SAME BUSINESS OR OCCUPATION WORKING TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF ITS MEMBERS. • THE FIRST GUILDS WERE MERCHANT GUILDS. • CONTROLLED ALL WAGES AND PRICES • ENFORCED STANDARDS OF QUALITY • THE WEALTH THE GUILDS ACQUIRED HELPED THEM ESTABLISH INFLUENCE OVER THE GOVERNMENT AND THE ECONOMY OF TOWNS AND CITIES. COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION • INCREASED AVAILABILITY OF TRADE GOODS AND NEW WAYS OF DOING BUSINESS CHANGED LIFE IN EUROPE • THIS EXPANSION OF TRADE AND BUSINESS IS CALLED THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION. • MOST TRADE TOOK PLACE IN TOWNS. • PEOPLE LEFT THE MANOR TO ATTEND FAIRS WHERE THEY TRADED THEIR HOMEMADE ITEMS WITH PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER EUROPE. • GOODS FROM FOREIGN LANDS BECAME AVAILABLE. • ITALY, ASIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, MEDITERRANEAN REGION THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION • AS MERCHANTS TRAVELED FROM FAIR TO FAIR THEY NEEDED LARGE AMOUNTS OF CASH OR CREDIT AND WAYS TO EXCHANGE MANY TYPES OF CURRENCIES. • BANKING, STARTED BY THE CHURCH, BECOMES AN IMPORTANT BUSINESS • THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION HAD A MAJOR EFFECT ON THE LIVES OF EUROPEANS. • CHANGED WHAT PEOPLE DID TO EARN A LIVING • CHANGED WHERE PEOPLE LIVED • TOWNS GREW INTO CITIES URBAN LIFE FLOURISHES • AS TRADE GREW, TOWNS GREW • MANY PEOPLE ABANDONED THE MANOR TO LIVE IN A TOWN • TOWNS DEVELOPED NEAR PORTS, CROSSROADS, AND RIVERS • MORE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES • BURGHER – TOWN DWELLER • LIVING CONDITIONS IN TOWNS WERE ROUGH • NARROW, ANIMAL-FILLED STREETS • NO SEWERS OR GARBAGE • NO BATHING REMOVAL OR CLEAN WATER • WOODEN HOUSED CAUSED FIRES REVIVAL OF LEARNING • GROWING TRADE AND GROWING CITIES BROUGHT A NEW INTEREST IN LEARNING • THE UNIVERSITY DEVELOPED IN WESTERN EUROPE • “UNIVERSITY” ORIGINALLY REFERRED TO A GROUP OF SCHOLARS WHO MET AND LEARNED AND TAUGHT • PARIS, ITALY, AND ENGLAND BY THE 1100S • STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITIES WERE SONS OF BURGHERS AND ARTISANS • GOAL WAS A JOB IN GOVERNMENT OR THE CHURCH REVIVAL OF LEARNING • NEW IDEAS CAME OUT OF THE UNIVERSITIES. • SCHOLARS WERE WRITING IN LATIN, BUT SOME POETS STARTED USING THE VERNACULAR, OR THE EVERYDAY LANGUAGE OF AN AREA • EX. GEOFFREY CHAUCER WROTE “THE CANTERBURY TALES” • USING THE VERNACULAR MADE LITERATURE ACCESSIBLE TO MANY PEOPLE • RENEWED INTEREST IN THE WORKS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHERS • THOMAS AQUINAS WROTE SUMMA THEOLOGICA INSPIRED BY ARISTOTLE. • AQUINAS AND HIS FELLOW SCHOLARS MET AT UNIVERSITIES WERE KNOWN AS SCHOOLMEN, OR SCHOLASTICS. WHO