Download Exploration & Scientific Rev - kkrier-western-civ

EXPLORATION
• By the early 1400s,
Europeans were ready to
leave their borders.
• The Renaissance brought
new feelings of adventure
and courage…along with
education!
Prior to 1400s:
• little exploration except with
the Muslim World
• MARCO POLO
• 1275- Italian Trader
• -reached China!
Why Explore?
• “God, glory, and gold”:
Spread Christianity, fame,
Wealth
After Renaissance…
• Europeans want to learn and trade!
• #1 Reason: Sources of New Wealth!
• The trade of spices and other luxury
goods from Asia fueled the need to
find new sea routes to Asia!
• Italy had a stronghold on Asian and
Middle Eastern Trade with its location.
TECHNOLOGY
• CARAVEL: sturdier vessel with
triangular sails
–Can sail against the wind
• NAVIGATION: Astrolabe: brass
circle with rings marking off the
degrees. The rings could
measure latitude and determine
how far north or south the ship
was from the Equator.
• Magnetic Compass
PORTUGAL LEADS THE WAY
• 1st European country to establish
trading outposts along the West
Coast of Africa
• Had strong government support
of exploration
SPAIN
• envied Portugal
• 1492: Italian Sea Captain:
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
convinced the Spanish
Monarchs to finance his
expedition.
• NIÑA, PINTA, and the SANTA
MARIA: 1492
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Called inhabitants Los Indios (Indians)
Claimed the land for Spain
“Hispaniola” (D.R./Haiti)
Columbus went over 4 times, 1 as an
explorer, and 3 times as an Empire
builder!
• The Spanish aimed to build
COLONIES: lands controlled by
another nation
AMERIGO VESPUCCI
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Italian
financed by Portugal
coast of South America and
determined the land was not Asia
New World! …named America
(after him)
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
• Spanish
• crossed over
Panama
• 1st European Pacific Ocean!
Ferdinand Magellan
• Portugal
• southern tip of
S. America.
• died in the
Philippines
• crew returned to Spain (3 years)
• 1st to circumnavigate the globe!
(1522)
OTHER NATIONS WANT INVOLVEMENT
• Dutch East India Company:
• Netherlands
• Trade in India (Portugal had
dominated)
• Pushed out English as well.
• 1600: owned the largest fleet in the
world.
• FRANCE & BRITAIN
• By 1700s, also had trading posts in
Asia.
• Ports / trade areas only
• Asia remained relatively unaffected
by European Influence.
Before the Scientific Revolution…
• Few scholars openly challenged the
accepted theories of the past
• GEOCENTRIC THEORY
– Earth - center of the universe, everything
else moved around the Earth.
– Supported by Aristotle
and Ptolemy (Greek)
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Mid-1500s, new ideas challenged old
• …called the scientific revolution!
• Brought forth by exploration and learning
done during the Renaissance
• Astronomy: the study of stars, planets, and
other heavenly bodies
COPERNICUS
• On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Bodies
• HELIOCENTRIC THEORY:
–sun is the center
of the universe
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JOHANNES KEPLER
planets move in
elliptical orbits
(not circles)
Laws of planetary
motion
Solar System
GALILEO GALILEI
• Astronomer, physicist,
mathematician & philosopher
(the “father of modern
science”)
• Supported Copernicus!
• Used his improved version of
the telescope to help prove
the sun was the center of the
universe and that all other
objects revolved around it
• Studied time using pendulums
– Weights hung to swing freely
• Gravity experiments
– Elaborated on work of Aristotle
– Determined that all objects fall at
the same rate
THE CHURCH INTERFERES
• The church felt its authority threaten by new
discoveries in science
• Were especially against Heliocentric Theory
– God’s Earth was at the center of the
universe
• Galileo was brought to trial in 1633
– Roman Inquisition found him “vehemently
suspect of heresy”
– Galileo was forced to recant, held under
house arrest until he died in 1642
• 1771: Ban on printing his works lifted
• 1992: the year the Catholic Church finally
acknowledged that Galileo was correct!
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• people began to base science on
observation and experimentation
• …not ancient authorities and the
church
• Logical procedure for gathering
information and testing ideas
1. Starts by deriving a problem or a
question based on observation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Test hypothesis
4. Analyze and interpret data into a
conclusion
EX: Isaac Newton: Laws of Motion and
Gravity!
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MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS
Dr. William Harvey: discovered
the heart pumps blood
throughout the body
Andreas Vesalius: dissected human
corpses and published his
observations.
Provided a working understanding of
how the body was composed
Edward Jenner: Late 1700’s,
discovered the small pox vaccine
SIGNIFICANCE
• New advancements in science
brought new ideas in other areas…
• If the government & church was
wrong about old science, it could be
wrong about other areas of life as well
• People begin to think differently about
their religious institutions and
governments