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Changes in Western Europe 1450 - 1750 Portuga l Spain The Dutch Republic Britain France What Western European states become important at this time? Portugal = First country to usher in the new age of exploration and first one to establish trading posts along the Indian Ocean. They also begin the African slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean. Spain = Second country that joins exploration race. Colonizes most of Central and South America introduces silver from Potosi to the new global economy. England and France = They will develop opposite forms of government and they will become rivals in controlling lands in North America and India. The Dutch Republic or The Netherlands = They will lead the Commercial Revolution of Western Europe. It’s main city, Amsterdam, will become the financial center of Europe. They are a Protestant nation so missionary work will not be part of their agenda when their chartered company, The East India Company, starts monopolizing trade in parts of the Indian Ocean. Italy = It is not a country yet. It is separated by different states, each with its own government. The merchants have become very rich because of their access to the Mediterranean trade so they are not pursuing alternate routes to Asia. That is why Christopher Columbus has to ask Spain to sponsor his voyages even though he is Italian. Their rich merchants along with the rich Popes become patrons of the art, leading to the Italian Renaissance. Western Europe In the 1450’s nation-states had recently been united by strong monarchs. By the 1750’s, Spain controlled all of Latin America and France and Britain controlled North America. Western European powers also had control of coastal parts of Africa and India. Western European powers also controlled the Atlantic and Indian Ocean trade. At this point, Japan, China, Russia and the Ottoman Empires remained free of European control. Western Europe Hanseatic League 1300’s Hundred Years’ War = Strong monarchs in 1336-1445 England and France The Reconquista of Spain Exploration Zheng He voyages 1405 - 1433 Portuguese caravel 1470’s Columbus’ voyages 1492 God, Glory and Gold Chinese Junk Read page 384 in white book on new technology coming into Europe. Why? To gain new tributary states for his Chinese emperor. Technology that made it possible . .. astrolabe Developed by Greeks but used widely and brought to Europe by the Arabs through Spain. caravel compass Chinese invention with lateen triangular sails Invented by the Portuguese; used by Spanish explorers also. Europeans make contact with non-Europeans • By 1550, Portugal had gained control of coastal ports in Africa and India. Portugal was never able to control the Indian Ocean trade but it had gained control of key ports. Portugal established a commercial empire. • By 1550, Spain had set up its empire in the Americas. Spain established an overseas empire. What were the motives for European exploration? page 383 in white book What new European technology made exploration possible? page 384 in white book Describe Portuguese interactions with the King of Benin. pages 389 - 390 Describe Portuguese interactions with the King of Kongo. pages 390, 396-397 Describe Portuguese interactions with rulers of eastern Africa. page 390 Describe Portuguese involvement in trading posts in India, China and Southeast Asia. pages 391-393 Describe the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires. pages 393 - 399 Treaty of Tordesillas Pope Alexander VI settles dispute between Portugal and 1494 Spain Events in Europe See next 3 slides for more info. • Italian and Northern Renaissance 1400’s • Protestant Reformation 1520’s • Catholic Reformation 1550’s • Scientific Revolution 1500’s and 1600’s The Italian Renaissance A rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Humanism Individualism Secularism Rafael’s School of Athens The Medici family of Florence civic humanism Michelangelo’s David Northern Renaissanc e Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms 1521 Erasmus of Rotterdam Christian Humanism Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier begin The Jesuits, The Society of Jesus Scientific Revolution Kepler’s elliptical motion of plants Ptolemaic Theory Copernican Theory Gallileo The Royal Society of London 1645 The French Academy of Sciences 1666 European Governments, Religions and Dynasties What Muslim empire do you see threatening Europe? England: Constitutional Monarchy Protestant France: Absolute Monarchy Catholic Portugal Catholic Spain Absolute Monarchy Catholic The Dutch Republic Protestant Prussia Monarchy Protestant Austrian Empire Habsburg Dynasty Catholic Italian city-states How did England become a constitutional monarchy? • Magna Carta 1215 • nobles able to limit power of English kings (monarchs) • English Civil War - 1642 - 1646 • Parliament’s army vs. king’s army. • Glorious Revolution 1688 • English Bill of Rights 1689 - DONE! Read page 422 in white book. How did France become an absolute French religious wars inmonarchy? the late 1500’s (Huguenots vs. • • Valois Dynasty is replaced by the Bourbon Catholics) Dynasty. • Bourbon Dynasty raised money by selling titles of nobility and they ruled without the Estates General. • French theorists supported the rulers by promoting the idea of divine right to rule - king’s power comes from God. • LouisRead XIV pages rules 1638-1718 the “Sun King” 422 - 423 in white book. • The government regulates (controls) page the 468 in white the economy in order to Read increase book. wealth of the nation. Mercantilism • Colonies exist for the enrichment of their mother country. • Export more than import so your exports are paid for with silver silver and gold bullions. • Europeans states followed this economic policy between 1450 and 1750 • Companies received a charter, permission from their government, to monopolize (control) trade in a certain The Dutch Republic Protestant Dutch flyboat Dutch West India Company Holland = richest province Amsterdam - largest city financial capital of Europe joint-stock companies Amsterdam Exchange 1530 bourgeoisie - middle class Dutch East India Co.