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Period IV Review 1450-1750 Europe Making sail to great destinations Major Changes Ahead • New technologies (water wheels, 3 field system, caravel ship, compass, astrolabe & sextant, artillery (especially on ships!)) • New economic theories/organization (mercantilism, Commercial Revolution, Atlantic Economy) • Europe pulls itself into the (now) global economy and power structure attempt to dominate IOMS with violence, colonies, trading post empires, etc. 4 Main Transformations in Thought • • • • Renaissance Reformation Scientific Revolution Enlightenment The Renaissance • Rebirth of Classical Civilizations’ ideas & culture (Greece and Rome) • Humanism- Focus on individual achievement & Greek and Roman Classical thought Erasmus of Rotterdam & interest in Greek & Latin language & manuscripts • Artistic endeavors perspective, contraposto (Italian and Northern differ) • The printing press and the spread of ideas (Gutenberg) The Protestant Reformation • The Catholic Church = 1 religion in W. Europe • Martin Luther’s 95 Theses • Christianity splits into new sects – Calvinism, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Church of England The Catholic (Counter) Reformation • Reaffirmation of beliefs & Pope’s authority • Minor reforms – Edu of priests • Jesuits (Ignatius of Loyola) MISSIONARY WORK in Asia (Japan & China); Latin America • The Council of Trent (1545-1563) The Scientific Revolution • Questioning long held traditions and beliefs • New theories on the universe – Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Copernicus • The Scientific Method (observation, experiment, etc.) heritage of Aristotle & Muslim scholars of the House of Wisdom • YOU MUST PROVE IT, NOT JUST BELIEVE IT! The Enlightenment • • • • Challenge to methods of rule Social Contract Rousseau Natural Rights Locke Separation of Power/Checks and Balances Montesquieu • Freedom of Expression & Religious Toleration Voltaire European Exploration Seeking out spice Perfecting the Art of Exploration • • • • • • • Led by Iberian Peninsula (Portugal & Spain) Caravel Compass Cartography Lateen Sail Astrolabe Prince Henry the Navigator’s School of Navigation in Portugal Where Did They Go? • Portugal goes around Africa – Dias and Da Gama • Spain looks west – Columbus • Treaty of Tordesillas – Portugal gets Brazil and the east – Spain gets the rest of the Americas Who is In? • England, France and the Netherlands look to North America – Settler colonies established • Portuguese set up trading-post colonies along the Swahili Coast (cannons) and the IOMS • Spanish go on a genocidal campaign against American Empires The Big Bang • Massive devastation to native populations (smallpox) • Columbian Exchange • Atlantic Slave Trade • Rise of Silver • Massive Demographic Shifts A New Economy • Atlantic System • Globalized trade and the rise of joint-stock companies and royal charters • Mercantilism – Favorable balance of trade • China and Japan are wary of growing European power European Countries The Game of Thrones Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain • Charles V (HRE), a Hapsburg, fights everyone – France, the Ottomans, Protestants in Germany, Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation • Philip II – Spanish renaissance, Spanish Inquisition, Dutch Revolt (Protestant Netherlands, Catholic Belgium) – Defeat of the Armada England • Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) – Colonization, joint-stock, arts and lit. • Fighting between Catholics and Protestants • Charles I sparks Parliamentary anger – English Civil War Erupts (1641) – Cromwell, Charles II, James II = Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights (1689) France • Catholics vs. Huguenots – Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598) • Louis XIV “The Sun King” (1643-1715) – Aggressive towards Protestants, Absolute in rule • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) – Attempt to balance power in Europe and prevent France and Spain from uniting The German Areas • Collection of city-states, primarily Protestant • The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) – Political and religious dispute between Protestant territories and the HRE – 1/3 of HRE population was killed – Reduces power of HRE – And increases power of France and Prussia Africa Victims or Willing Participants? Growth of African West Coast • Rise of new coastal trade-based centralized states in Kongo, Benin, Angola, and Dahomey • Kongo (Christian) rises with Portuguese trade but can’t control trade; Benin’s Oba controls artisans making bronze and ivories for trade with Europe • Dahomey becomes a powerful slave trading state • Result: The Atlantic System provided opportunities for COASTAL Africans to create centralized states, instead of just interior states that traded in Time Period III via Trans Saharan Trade • Middle Passage = depopulation of MEN, causing shifts in family structures - - MOST people who wound up in the Americas in Period IV were AFRICANS East Africa • Swahili Coast (E. Africa) shelled by Portuguese canons. • Portuguese attempt to monopolize IOMS trade by force. Unsuccessful attempt Southern Africa • Dutch colonies appear on the coast of modern South Africa. Northern Africa • Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent in the early 1500s, including Egypt, a huge producer of grain. Ming Dynasty China • Ming Dynasty = “Pure” Dynasty, wanted to erase the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty past • Yongle Emperor – WAS outward looking • Sent Zheng He on voyages to reestablish Tribute System • Confucian bureaucrats forced an inward turn after Yongle died – remind China of their fear of pastoralists beyond the northern borders • Art, like in Renaissance Europe, sought to look BACK to a time viewed as glorious in the past. Qing Dynasty • Ming dealt with overpopulation problems & falling ag productivity. Revolts. Japanese pirates. Blah blah. • Invite the pastoralist ethnic group called Manchus to help them stop the chaos militarily. • Manchus see Ming weakness & take over. Qing Dynasty • Kangxi & Qianlong Emperors= golden age emperors • China = awesome again • Macartney Mission – wanted trade in 1790s. China rejected & kept their Canton System of trade. • Fighting with Russia on the northern border (Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1688) Tokugawa Japan • Hideyoshi & then Tokugawa Ieyasu end civil wars of the Feudal period, established a more centralized gov’t (although still pretty decentralized) • Merchants & ag productivity = great economy, rice payments for taxes • Edo, capital city = over 1,000,000 people • Culture = fab. Kabuki theater, tea ceremony, haiku poems, samurai = bureaucrats w/ sachels • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc Tokugawa • Alternate Attendance utilized for control • Jesuit Missionaries = 300,000 Christian conversions by 1600 • Tokugawa gov’t feared foreign involvement. ISOLATED Japan almost totally. • Only some Dutch in Nagasaki harbor with VOC could trade. Southeast Asia • Spice Islands = objective of Portuguese, who established control over the Strait of Malacca • Dutch VOC gained more control around 1600 of Spice Islands (Moluccas) where Islamic Gunpowder Empires • Founded by Central Asian Turkic nomadic pastoralists (long term had issues keeping this traditional elite happy!) • Coercive with standing armies bearing gunpowder-based weapons • Land-based, like traditional empires • Cost of military = centralization • Institution of the Harem (ladies galore, but who exercised some political power b/c of position) – created demand for female slaves in IOMS system Ottoman • 1300s – early 1900s, Sunni Muslims • Sultan ruled from Istanbul after conquering Constantinople in 1453 • Allowed diversity through millet system • Manufacturer of luxuries, intersection of Silk Roads & Europe • Janissary & Devshirme systems • Suleiman the Magnificent • Mediterranean naval power Safavid • 1400s-1500s, Twelver Shi’ite Muslims (Hidden Imam) • Presence of Islamic Sufi mystics (venerated Islamic saints) that Muslims didn’t like. • Qizilbash – “red heads” wore turbans, religious fighters for 12er Shi’ism • Ruler = Shah, ruled from Isfahan • Persian rugs, silks, blue & white tiles – Silk Road trade Mughals • Sunni Muslims, conquered the Delhi Sultanate & ruled over Hindu population • Had to work with Rajput (Hindu Princes) through intermarriage and toleration • Sikhism develops (a religion that mixes Hinduism and Islam) • Cotton Textiles, IOMS trade • French, British trading posts appear on coasts • Akbar = tolerant ruler • Taj Mahal built by Shah Jahn Russia!!! Respond appropriately! • Looked a lot more like traditional land-based empires BUT wanted to emulate Europe • Peter & Catherine the Great Westernize • St. Petersburg, Western-style military, Cossack peasants sent to settle Siberia, bureaucracy, shaved beards, Neo-Classical architecture • Serfdom was still super harsh - - lasted until 1861, so most Russian unaffected by Westernization Big Themes • Centralization • Coercive power of Gunpowder • Globalization 1.0 - - Columbian Exchange & the ecological linking of hemispheres • Europe = mover & actually making $$! founds trading post colonies AND conquers the Amerindians (you should know several reasons for their success!) • Asia = still dominant (as when China rejects Macartney’s British bid for trade) • Economic innovations like laissez-faire, mercantilism, & joint-stock companies • Zillions of new ways to force labor out of people (mit’a, encomienda, chattel slavery, serfdom, slave-soldiers)