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Transcript
World history Chapter 5 Ancient Greece Section 1 The Early Civilizations of Greece • 20 minute video about Greece The Geography of Greece • Was a key factor in the development • mountainous region of southeastern Europe – Isolated the Greek people • Numerous islands The Land, the Climate, and the Sea • No great rivers---Little rainfall • Dry, rocky soil – grew barley, grapes, and olives – raised pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens Food was scarce The Sea • Most people lived within 40 miles of the sea • Built great harbors • became sailors, fishers, & traders – sent olive oil, wine, wool, and marble for grain and metals Early Greek Communities • • people separated by water and mountains & developed different communities WESTERN CIVILIZATION: civilization that developed in Europe & spread to the Americas The Minoan Civilization • • • • Developed on the island Crete In the Aegean Sea No written record MONARCHY: government with a single ruler, such as a king, queen, or pharaoh The Palace of Knossos • • built of stone around central courtyard; used for royal family, worship, storerooms (for tax payments), workshops, large bathrooms, & plumbing system Art was important in Minoan culture (frescoes) Peaceful Sea Traders • • • interested in trade, not war & conquest influenced Greek-speaking Mycenaean's culture mysteriously vanished around 1600bc – Volcanic eruption ? The Mycenaean's Grow Powerful • • • • • First Greeks to leave written records Dominated the mainland Ruled by Kings Conquered Knossos Leader of the Aegean Sea Mycenaean Palaces and Sea Traders • Palaces – thick walls, great hall, frescoes • Trade – pottery & metalwork with Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Sicily The Trojan War – Mycenaeans & other Greeks vs. Troy (on Asia Minor) – Trojan prince Paris kidnapped sister-in-law of Mycenaean king, Helen – 1250bc The Decline of Mycenae and the Age of Homer • At Home and Abroad – 1100bc Mycenaeans disappear; writing & trade stop – Many Greeks left for Asia Minor, Sicily, & Southern Italy, spread culture – They took with them their culture and ideas The Iliad and the Odyssey – long, epic, narrative poems by Greek poet Homer – lliad • Last few days of the Trojan Wars – Odyssey • • The story of the long journey home of Odysseus The Greek hero of the war Greek Religion – – – – – gods had human feelings & form marble temples to honor gods & goddesses People needed to please the Gods Zeus – king of the gods; Athena – goddess of wisdom – Live on Mt Olympus Section 2 Greek City-States Rise to Power City state develop • 800B.C. first Greek large political units formed • Called Polis—city-state • Completed against each other for control of land and trade The Foundations of the City-States • • • ACROPOLIS: highest part of a Greek citystate with fortress & temple Agora: marketplace with farmers & shopkeepers, people discussed politics & conducted business All city-states shared common language & adapted Phoenician alphabet in 750bc; shared common religion & culture; Olympic Citizenship • Only free males • Proud and loyal to their city-state • Willing to give up their lives for their polis Governments of the City-States • • • • • most city-states began as monarchies protected by citizen-soldiers soldiers wore helmets, armor, & round shields ARISTOCRACY: government in which the upper class, or a privileged few, rule OLIGARCHY: government in which only a few powerful people rule, “rule of the few” 800bc tools became cheaper & more available as they were made of iron; Athens & Sparta gained power Sparta Becomes a Military State a Spartan life = “a life with few luxuries” • • • • • • A Society of Soldiers- boys sent to train at age 7 until 30 600’s B.C. first Greek constitution governed by 2 military kings, 28-member council of elders (over age 60) (chose issues) lawmaking assembly voted on laws made up of all free adult males over 30 with 5 overseers Conquered people were helots, or slaves, who farmed the land Women of Sparta • • • had more rights than other Greeks women; inherited land girls received physical training & some education Learned to run, wrestle, throw a javelin, Athenians and Their Right to Govern • • • • Government Reforms and Limited Democracy 800bc-700bc Athens grew quickly TYRANTS: leader who gains power by forces; later, a leader who rules ruthlessly 500 chosen men made up the council LEGISLATURE: lawmaking body in government Continued…. • • DEMOCRACY: government that gives its citizens the ruling power, “power from the people” Slaves & women had no power in government Education in Athens • • • boys learned reading, writing, math, music, athletics, & speaking only wealthy citizens were educated due to cost Athenians generally more educated than other Greeks Greek Unity in the Persian Wars • • • • Events in the Persian Wars 400’s B.C. Greeks joined together against Persia 499BC Greeks in Asia Minor rebelled against Persian rule Athens & Sparta joined to beat Persians & end Persian Wars The End of the Persian Wars • • • ALLIANCE: agreement between 2 or more people, groups, & nations to cooperate with one another Delian League: formed 478bc between 140 Greek city-states that had fought in Persian Wars; lead by Athenians Peloponnesian League: formed by Sparta Section 3 The Golden Age of Athens The Age of Pericles Athens becomes the richest, most powerful city-state Expanding Democracy • TRIBUTE: payment given by one nation to another more powerful nation; may be paid in exchange for protection; Athens demanded tribute from members of the Delian League • Classical Age: 480bc-323bc when Athenian art, politics, & literature flourished (refers to order, balance, & harmony) • DIRECT DEMOCRACY: government in which citizens take part directly rather than through representatives; belief of Pericles • JURY: group of people that considers the evidence in a trial & makes a judgment Culture in the Golden Age Architecture and Art • • • public buildings, like temples were large, homes were small most art was on practical pottery 450bc natural, fluid style of art developed with idealized forms Poetry, Drama, and History • Earliest literature: – • poetry – poets include Homer, Sappho Greek Drama: – • tragedies dealt with suffering & misery Comedies: – • poked fun at leaders & their politics Women weren’t allowed to be actors; – female parts played by men Three Great Thinker Philosopher- “lover of wisdom” • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle; – • asked what it means to lead a good life Socrates – – taught by going to the agora & asking questions Was arrested & sentences in death in 399bc • Plato, Socrates’ student, wrote about Socrates’ life, the ideal state, the ideal society, the nature of goodness and friendship, and the idea of truth; founded school The Academy 387bc • Aristotle, Plato’s student, went to Macedonia to tutor Alexander the Great, went to Athens & set up school, Lyceum, taught to learn by observation, book Politics he praised the middle class The Peloponnesian War: Plague and Starvation – began in 412B.C. between Greek citystates, Athens & Sparta – 404bc Athens was starved & surrendered to Spartan Aftermath – Sparta won Peloponnesian War – Athenian democracy lost energy & corruption grew; unity was lost Section 4 Alexander builds a great empire The Rise of Macedonia Philip II Gains Control • 404BC city-states continued to fight • 359BC Philip II became king of Macedonia & looked to Greece • Philip defeated Greek city-states of Athens & Thebes • his son Alexander defeated the Sacred Band of 300 Theban soldiers Alexander Takes the Throne • • • Philip wanted to unit Macedonia & Greece then defeat Persia ASSASSINATION: murder of a leader for political reason Philip was assassinated & his son Alexander became king at 20 Alexander Builds an Empire • • • • • 334bc Alexander leads army to attack Persia in Asia Minor Alexander is considered one of the greatest military leaders of ancient times They never lost a battle 331BC established Alexandria on northern coast of Egypt Army made it 11,000 miles into India before stopping Death and Division • • • 323bc Alexander died at 33 from an infection or fever Empire was left “to the strongest;” it was divided into 3 kingdoms Richest & most powerful, Egypt, went to A Macedonian General Ptolemy I Hellenistic Civilization The Economy and the Growth of cities • Hellenistic Culture: blend of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Indian and other influences – from 323BC-146BC • ASSIMILATION: process of absorbing or taking on the cultural ideas or customs of another group and combining them into an existing culture – • the conquered people took on many Greek customs – Use of money increased – including real banks Alexandra, Egypt became a busy port and center of education with the world’s largest library Hellenistic Age • • ended when Greece was conquered by Rome Left an important impact on the world and the future The End