Download Chapter 4 Greece - Ms. McManamy`s Class

Chapter 4
Greece
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ANCIENT
GREECE
•Geography heavily
influenced Greek Culture
•Located on the
Balkan Peninsula
•Greeks settle into
city-states separated
by mountainous land
& narrow river valleys
•Because of their long
sea coast & many
harbors, the Greeks
became great traders
and lived on a healthy
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diet of fish.
MINOAN CIVILIZATION
(2700-1450BC)
• Located on Island of Crete
• Developed civilization in
response to contact with Egypt
• Merchants (trading culture)
Palace at Knossos
Minoans trade with Egypt
•Established trade contacts with
Mycenaeans
•Destroyed in 1500 BC- perhaps by
Mycenean invaders or a tsunami (tidal
wave) triggered by a volcanic eruption
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MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
(1600-1100’s BC)
First city-state, grew out of Central
Greece, eventually controlling Greek
mainland
Very proud, heroic warrior culture.
Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey probably written
at the end of this age
Stone fortifications surrounded cities
Main economic activity was piracy
Frequent War
between city-states
& earthquakes led
to fall of Mycenae
in 1100’s BC
Mycenean soldier
replica (top)4
and statue (left)
THE DARK AGE (1100-750BC)
• Food supply and
population declines
(few written records)
• Many Greeks left the
mainland and settled
elsewhere
– Islands in Aegean Sea
– Coast of Turkey and
Black Sea
– Southern Italy & France
– Eastern and southern
coasts of Spain
– Coast of North Africa
• Greek colonists always kept their ties to the Greek mainland
and their Greek identity. Colonists remained “Greek” in a
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cultural sense no matter where they lived
THE POLIS
• Polis: a Greek city-state. A city-state is an independent
political unit made up of a city & its surrounding area
– Ancient Greece had no kings or family dynasties.
– The polis was governed by assemblies of men who were
capable of military service
– The early Greek military was made of noblemen on
horseback. These were the only men wealthy enough to
arm and equip themselves.
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Athens (Present Day)
• .
Every Polis generally had two features:
1. Agora – Open area used as a market and social gathering
place. Homes were usually close to the agora.
2. Acropolis- a fortified hilltop area
– Provided safe refuge during attack.
– Contained public buildings and religious temples
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dedicated to favorite gods.
• Parthenon in Athens-dedicated to Athena (previous slide)
Polis Trade & Tyranny (750-550 BC)
• The spread of Greek settlements during the
Dark Age led to the development of trade
• Mainland Greeks exported
pottery, wine & olive oil.
• They received grain and metals
from the West and fish, lumber,
and slaves from the East
wheat
• Cities like Byzantium & Troy
became crucial trade points
• A wealthy class of traders began to challenge
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the ruling aristocrats in Greece.
• Eventually the wealthy traders took over
political control from the noblemen
• These traders were
called tyrants.
• At this point, the word
tyrant simply refers to
a leader who seized
power by force from
the ruling aristocrats.
• The Greek tyrants were not necessarily
oppressive or unwelcome. They were often very
popular.
• Because the aristocrats had oppressed the 9
peasants, the peasants supported the tyrants.
Tyranny in the City-States (cont.)
• Tyrants seized and kept power
by using hired soldiers.
• They built new walls and
temples, which glorified their
cities and made them popular.
• By the end of the sixth century
B.C., however, tyrants had
Periander, a very
fallen out of favor.
popular tyrant in
• Their rule contradicted the rule
of law that was a Greek ideal.
Corinth, Greece
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Tyranny in the City-States (cont.)
• The end of tyranny
allowed new classes
to participate in
government.
• Some city-states
became
democracies, ruled
by the many.
• “Demos” is Greek for people, “Kratos” means power
• Others became oligarchies, ruled by a
privileged few.
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Athens and Sparta show the differences
between these two kinds of government
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ATHENS
Glorification of individual
Movement toward
democracy; limited
citizenship; rise of tyrants
Wealth & power of
aristocracy
Participation in government
by male citizens
Slaves
Military training & education
for boys
Trade with other city-states
Limited rights for women
•
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•
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SPARTA
Government made up of 2
kings, council of elders,
citizens assembly, 5 ephors
Citizenship for native-born
Spartan men over 30 years
State-owned slaves
Strict control over people
Prohibition against trade,
travel, or mixing with other
city-states
Scornful of wealth
Women can own property
but expected to obey men
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Athens & Sparta
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ATHENIAN “DEMOCRACY”
• Athens: only 30,000 out of a
total population of approx.
200,000 were “free citizens”
• WHO WAS EXCLUDED
FROM CITIZENSHIP?
• Women
• Slaves
• Residents not born in
Athens
• Lower classes who could
not afford military service
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SPARTAN SOCIETY
• All Life Devoted to the
Military
• Babies inspected for
defects
• Boys taken from
mothers at age 7 for 14
years military training
• Spend entire adult life
in army
• Created Peloponnesian
League
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GREAT PERSIAN WAR
• Ionian Greeks revolt
unsuccessfully against
Persia in 499 B.C.
• Started by Darius I in 490 BC
and continued by his son,
Xerxes (until 479 BC)
• Three invasion attempts of
mainland Greece
• Greece won
– More familiar with terrain
– Fighting for their homes
– City-states united together
to face Persian threat
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After the War
• Athens formed a defense alliance
called the Delian League among the
Greek city states. (former military
alliance transformed into an empire)
• Pericles (leader)
– Drew on resources of empire to
transform city into the most
beautiful city of the ancient world
– Turned Athens into a direct
democracy
– Mass meetings where all male
citizens could vote on issues.
– A system of ostracism developed
to protect themselves from overly
ambitious politicians. (6,000 votes
and someone could be banned
form the city…ex. Socrates) 17
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• Between Athens and Sparta
• Lasted 25 years (431-404 BC)
• Caused massive destruction and
loss of life throughout Greek world
• Sparta technically won but it was
an empty victory—both Athens
and Sparta exhausted
• Did the Greeks learn anything from
this horrible experience? No !!
• It did leave the Greeks vulnerable
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and they were conquered by the
Macedonians
MACEDONIAN
CONQUEST
• Philip II, “King and Warrior Lord” of
Macedonia, invades Greece in 338
BC and conquers entire peninsula
Alexander’s Empire
• Murdered two years later
– In the middle of planning “war of
revenge” against the Persian
Empire
• Succeeded by his 21-year old son,
Alexander (the Great)
– Not only continued his father’s
plan but also went beyond
Philip’s wildest dreams to create
the largest empire the world had
ever seen
• Encompassed all the land
between Greece and the
middle of India
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Alexander the
Great Film
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Classical Greek Culture (before
Alexander the Great)
• The Greeks were the first to write and
perform plays
• Greek Philosophy (love of wisdom)
organized rational thought
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GREEK
LITERATURE
• ILLIAD AND ODYSSEY
• Composed by Homer
• Deal with the wars of the
Mycenaneans and their attack
on Troy
• Include many famous
characters: Achilles,
Odysseus, Agamenon and
many gods
• Characters not portrayed in
black and white terms—even
heroes have personality
flaws. Sophisticated portrayal
of characters
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GREEK POETS
• SAPPHO (female poet from Lesbos)
– Only fragments of her poetry survive
– Great descriptive beauty and insight into human
relationships
• PINDAR
– Developed the eulogy—long poems praising the
lives and exploits of famous individuals
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GREEK THEATER
• Invented tragedy and
comedy
• Wore masks and used
chorus
• Plots derived from
mythology
• Sophocles---Wrote Oedipus
the King
• Euripides— The Trojan
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Philosophers
• Socrates – Athenian who was ostracized. “ the
unexamined life is not worth living”
• Plato – Socrates student wrote the Republic –
ideals of a virtuous state
• Aristotle – Plato’s student, wrote Politics…3
good forms of government Monarchy/
Aristocracy / Constitutional Government
– Also wrote on many other subjects (ethics, logic,
biology, physics, astronomy)
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SOCRATES AND PLATO
• Philosopher: “lover of wisdom”
• Interested in fundamental questions
about the human condition– what is
justice; what is good; what is beauty
• Used rigorous logic and demanding
question-and-answer form of inquiry
• Attempted to find absolute answers
(universally valid answers that apply
to all people, at all times, and in all
places
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ARISTOTLE
• Interested in same questions
as Socrates and Plato
• Differed in method
• Argued that a person should
gather evidence on a topic,
analyze that evidence, and
then base conclusions on
that analysis
• Example: Politics
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GREEK SCIENCE
• PYTHAGORAS
– Mathematician
– Formula for the square of
a right angle triangle
• HIPPOCRATES
– Father of modern
medicine
– Rejected supernatural
explanations for illness
– Theory of “bodily
humours” (blood, water,
black bile, yellow bile)
– Hippocratic Oath
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Greek Architecture
• Ancient Greeks were excellent
architects and builders.
• They were master column builders.
– They developed the column. They
used the column in most of their
important structures.
• There are three main parts to a
column.
– Base
– Shaft
– Capital
• The column has come to define Greek
architecture and it was by far the most
important factor in Greek architecture.
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Greek Architecture
• There were three types of Greek columns.
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
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Doric Columns in New York City
Corinthian Columns at the
University of Virginia
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Ionic Columns at the University of Virginia
•PARTHENON
• Excellent
example of Classical
Greek Architecture
•Built as a temple
•Known for its calm and orderly
characteristics
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Parthenon
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Hellenistic Kingdoms
• Civil war erupts after
Alexander’s death
– Empire is ultimately
split into three parts
among his former
generals
• Ptolemy (Egypt)
• Selecus (most of
old Persian
Empire)
• Antigonus
Gonatus
(Macedonia and
Greece)
• Known as the
“successor kingdoms”
• Period known as the
Hellenistic Age
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HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION
• Realistic Sculpture
• Advances in science
• Center of intellectual/cultural
achievement moved to cities
of successor kingdoms
(Alexandria)
• Fusion of Greek and Middle
Eastern civilization =
Hellenism
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HELLENISTIC Philosophies
• Individualistic philosophies (Skepticism, Stoicism,
Cynicism, Epicureanism)
• Epicureanism – Believed human beings were free to
follow self interests and happiness was their goal in
life…..Pursue Pleasure
• Stoicism –founded by Zeno, believed happiness was
gained by living in harmony with the will of god –
regarded public service as noble
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Tholos: Beehive shaped royal tomb
Agamemnon’s Mask
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