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Sparta and Athens 4.2 • By the end of the Dark Ages, many nobles who owned large estates had overthrown the Greek kings. They created city-states. • Each city-state was known as a polis-or a tiny independent country. The main gathering was usually a hill called an acropolis. Below the acropolis was an open area called an agora. This was a market and place where people meet and debate issues. • The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship, in which citizens of a country are treated equally and have rights and responsibilities. In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, landowning men could be citizens. • Citizens could vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court. • The military of the city-states was made of ordinary citizens, not nobles. These citizens were called hoplites and fought each battle on foot instead of on horses Sparta and Athens Tyranny in the City-States, pg. 125 • Nobles had seized power from the kings during the Dark Ages. • Noble rule did not last long. Farmers, who had trouble financing their farms, had to borrow money from nobles and often could not pay back the debt. • The farmers lost their land and had to work for the nobles or were sold into slavery. • Unhappy farmers demanded changes in the power structure of the city-states. • Merchants and artisans wanted to share in governing, but because they did not own land they could not. • Who was allowed to govern/be a citizen? – Land owning, native-born, free men • This unhappiness led to the rise of tyrants, or people who take power by force and rule with total authority. • Tyrants overthrew the nobles during the 600s B.C. • Tyrants maintained their popularity by building marketplaces, temples, and walls. • The Greek people eventually tired of the tyrants and created oligarchies or democracies. – An oligarchy is a form of government in which a few people hold power. – A democracy is a form of government in which all citizens share power. – Sparta was an oligarchy; Athens was a democracy. SPARTA • Spartan men given plots of land to support themselves after they joined a military club – Did not work land themselves – Work done by helots • Slaves (captive workers) owned by the Spartan state • Manufacturing also done by helots • Spartan men lived off the work of others so that they could devote their entire life to being a soldier • Spartans feared that one day the Helots might rebel as a result the government prepared boys for SPARTAN TRAINING I FOX STORY • Every new-born infant examined by committee – Abandoned to die if it showed any type of deformity • Enrolled in special military troops at age six – Remained members until age 18 – Girls still lived at home but boys lived away from parents – Put through increasingly brutal series of classes designed to make them used to suffering and hardship • Also designed to break down family relationships • Education focused on music, dancing, and athletics SPARTAN TRAINING II • Began formal military training at age 18 – Took 2 years to complete • Applied for admission into a military club after successful completion of training – Membership was official indication that a boy had become a man – Application for admission had to be voted on by other members of club • Vote had to be unanimous • Not allowed to marry or have a family for 10 years – Still had to have meals with club until he was 60 • Military clubs formed basic unit of military service SPARTAN WOMEN • Also trained in sports to become healthy mothers –Given a lot more freedom than other Greek women Spartan Diet • Based on what you know about the Spartan’s what do you was they main food source? • a vile-tasting dish called black broth which was pork boiled in animal blood, salt and vinegar. • Why? • To make them stronger, lack of food or abundance of bad food will not affect them while at war SPARTAN• Oligarchy: GOVERNMENT Two Branches of Government – Council of Elders • Two Kings – Led army and Sparta in general – Hereditary • Gerousia • 28 man council • All members over 60 years old • Drew up proposals for legislation – Assembly of the Spartans • All full male citizens • Voted on legislative proposals • Presided over by five elected officials called ephors King Leonidas • The Spartan government kept foreign travelers out and discouraged its own citizens from traveling in order to maintain control of the country. ATHENS • Northwest of Sparta lay the land of Athens. • And the two civilizations could not be any more different. • Boys in Athens attended school to learn reading, writing, arithmetic, sports, and music. And at the age of 18 they became citizens. • Athenian girls learned household duties from their mothers. SOLON • The government of early Athens was an oligarchy. – Entered a period of internal turmoil around 630 BC – Wealthy landowning aristocrats controlled all of the land • Solon given job to reform city’s laws and restore internal peace and order – 594 BC – He cancelled all the farmers’ debts and freed those who had become slaves. – Widened political participation • Allowed all citizens regardless of wealth to serve in Assembly, but assembly had few powers • Solon’s reforms were popular among the common people REFORMS OF SOLON – WHAT DID HE MISS? • Farmers wanted land taken away from the aristocrats but Solon refused to do that • Athens did prosper but fighting continued and tyrants began to take over • The tyrant Peisistratus seized power 30 years after Solon’s reforms. – He won the support of the poor by dividing the large estates among the people and loaning money to the people. • Cleisthenes took over when Peisistratus died in 508 B.C. • Created a democracy in Athens; all males could belong to the assembly • He had won their support because he promised to give them a legal political voice • While foreign born men, slaves, and women were still excluded this was the first step toward a democracy CLEISTHENES