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The Shaping of Classical Greece 2000 B.C. – 300 B. C. Chapter 5 Section 1 Cultures of the Mountains and the Seas Geography Shapes Greek Life • Three seas: Ionian, Aegean, and Mediterranean – Linked parts of Greece together – Connected Greece to other societies – Sea travel and trade were important due to Greece’s lack of natural resources Key Classical Greek City-States Black Sea Aegean Sea Ionian Sea Mediterranean Sea Land of Rugged Mountains • Mountains covered ¾ of Ancient Greece- only ¼ of the land was arable (suitable for agriculture) • Effect on politics – Small, local community governmentsNEVER united into one empire • Effect on population – Not enough farm land to support a large population The Climate • Greece’s climate is mild with varied, moderate temperatures • This supported outdoor, public meetings which will shape the Greek political system Civilization Develops • Mycenaeans – Indo-Europeans who settled in the southern mountains of the peninsula – Dominated by strong warrior kings from 1600 BC to 1100 BC • Minoans- (Remember the island in the Med Sea!) – Mycenaeans had contact with them after 1500 BC- probably through trade – Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan language into Greek, and Minoan culture influenced art, religion, politics, and literature. The Trojan War • When? – 1200’s B.C lasted 10 years • Once was thought to be a fictitious legend (archeologist discoveries of cities that may have influenced the stories) • One of the last Mycenaean battles. Dorians • Represented a decline in Greek culture following the Trojan War – Less advanced – Economy and trade collapsed – Lack of history from 1150 BC – 750 BC indicated no form of writing – Homer • Blind story teller • Narrative, heroic poems- Illiad and Odyssey – Myths • Traditional stories about gods and goddesses used to explain nature and natural events Video The Greek City States Chapter 5 Sections 2 •Warring City States Rule and Order in the City-States Remember, a city-state is a city and it’s surrounding lands controlled by a strong government----- the Greeks did not unite into an empire- but a league of loosely united citystates • Polis- fundamental political unit in ancient Greece – 50-500 square miles – Less than 10,000 residents – Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) on the acropolis (fortified hill-top) to discuss city government The Acropolis in Athens Today www.grisel.net/acropolis.htm Let’s Review: 1. Why did the population in most city-states stay relatively small? The lack of arable land 2. What made it possible to have open markets and an acropolis? Climate and mountainous terrain Forms of Government • Monarchy- a single person, KING, ruled the government • Aristocracy- ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families. • Oligarchy- ruled by a few powerful people a new class of wealthy merchants dissatisfied with nobles took over power • Tyrants-powerful leaders who gained support of common people after agreeing to set up building programs and provide jobs for their supporters. Question: What is the difference between a tyrant today and the tyrants of ancient Greece? Today tyrants are considered harsh and cruel. Athenian Democracy • Athenian democracy= rule by the people in Athens a. b. c. Draco- legal code- all Athenians were equal * death was punishment for most crimes & upheld debt slavery Solon- four social classes based on wealthonly TOP three could hold political office all could participate Cleisthenes- divided citizens based on where they lived not wealth *citizens could submit laws, council of Five Hundred proposed laws and counseled the Assembly (members were chosen at random) Question: What was citizenship based on? free adult male property owners could be citizens Sparta- Military State Branches of government a. b. c. Citizens and elected officials general assembly-voted on issues Elders 30 older citizens that proposed the laws to the assembly 5 carried out the laws and 2 kings for military operations * This is closer to a republic than a pure democracy. Military Operations •All men served in the army until age 60 •From age 7 – 30 they lived in Army barracks and trained •Girls received some military training •All put service to Sparta above everything else •Iron weapons affordable to all •New army of foot soldiers – hoplites •Formation called the phalanx – the most feared force in the ancient world. •Assisted Greeks in the Persian Wars The Phalanx The Golden Age Chapter 5 Sections 3 •Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 461-429 BC Pericles’ Plan • Goals – Strengthen democracy – Hold and strengthen the “empire” – Glorify Athens – Strengthen democracy increased the number of paid officials Direct Democracy= citizens rule directly, not through representatives Question: Is the US a direct democracy? No, we are a representative democracy Art and Archetecture • Parthenon- temple built to honor Athena (goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens) (video) Greek Sculpture • Sculptureperfectly formed figures not realism Classical artharmony, order, balance, and proportion Drama • Tragedy- serious drama about love, hate, war or betrayal • Comedy- filled with slapstick situations and crude humorusually made fun of politics and respected people Peloponnesian War (video) • Sparta vs. Athens- 431 BC • Sparta had a strong army, Athens had a strong Navy- both wanted war! – Athens weakened (during the 2nd year b/c of a plague) – 421 BC- signed a truce – 415 BC- Athens attacked Sicily (an ally of Sparta) – 404 BC- Athens is defeated in Sicily, but held out for 9 more years defending their city. Greek Philosophy 1. Socrates- absolute truth and justice don’t exist, question everything (Socratic Method) 2. Plato- student of Socrates: The Republic (book) his vision of a perfectly formed societywas not democracy 3. Aristotle- invented rules of arguing that form the basis of the scientific method Alexander and His Empire Chapter 5 Section 4: Alexander’s Empire Section 5: Spread of Hellenistic Culture The Rise of Macedonian Power Reminder: Greek city-states were weakened by the Peloponnesian War • Location- Just north of Greece- rocky terrain and cold climate- Most Macedonians were animal herders • Major resource- shrewd & fearless kings • Thought of themselves as Greeks – Greeks saw them as uncivilized b/c they had no great philosophers, sculptors or writers. Phillip II • King at 23 years old • Brilliant general and a ruthless politician • Turned the peasants into a strong professional army – Phalanxes (16x16) to break through enemy lines – Fast moving cavalry to crush opponents • Attacked & easily defeated the Greeks – City-states could not agree on anything – Athens and Thebes united, but it was too late – Began centuries of foreign control of Greece Philip’s Plans • Greece would be first • Persia would be next • Never was able to complete this b/c he was assassinated at his daughter’s wedding (literally stabbed in the back) • Alexander proclaimed himself king • Crushed an early rebellion by Thebes – 6000 killed- survivors sold into slavery and the city was destroyed Who was Alexander? • Philip’s 20 year old son • Educated by Aristotle in science, geography and literature • Military training throughout his childhood by his father The Defeat of Persia • Goal- to carry out his father’s plan • Campaign in Anatolia – 35,000 troops vs. 40,000 Persians – Launched a quick attack and destroyed the Persian defenses of DARIUS II (King) – Darius vows to win and an army of up to 75,000 (Alexander was SERIOUSLY outnumbered) – Surprise attack- straight to Darius! Alexander’s Conquests • Anatolia- Darius II ran away- offered him all land west of the Euphrates River, Alexander declined and vowed to conquer all of Persia • Egypt- welcomed him as a liberator and crowned him pharaoh • Mesopotamia- Darius had 250,000 men- again they fled This ended the Empire Was Persia Enough??? • NO WAY!!! He wanted to control ALL of Asia • India- huge offensive- but won • The army was tired – 11 Years – 11,000 miles – Climate changes- deserts, monsoons, etc. – BEGGED him to turn backreluctantly he agreed Alexander’s Empire Problems with Alexander’s Empire • Politics were neglected • After agreeing to turn back he planned to strengthen and unify his lands – Roads, cities, harbors – Conquer Arabia • Alexander never carried out his plan b/c he died. The Empire After Alexander • Divided among three generals • They ignored the traditions of the Greek polis and ruled as dictators • Cultural impact – Alexander adopted many Persian customs – Included Persians in his army – A new culture- blending of Greek and eastern emerged The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Chapter 5 Section 5 Q: # 1 • What Cultures did Hellenistic Blend • Why was this important to Alexander? • Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian • His ambitions were not only military and political, but cultural. He desired to preserve culture. He wanted to unify his empire. Q2: • Why might the new language, Koine, be named for the word “common”? • It allowed educated people and traders from diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities throughout the Empire. Q 3: • • What were some reasons why Alexandria may have been a popular tourist destination during the Hellenistic period? It was a beautiful city with wide streets lined with marble statues of Greek gods. Royal palaces, Alexander’s tomb, lighthouse, library, and museum (zoo, botanical gardens) were places to see. Q 4: • Why might Alexander have founded a library in Alexandria? • He was educated by the Greek philosopher and teacher Aristotle who taught him to love learning. Q 5: • What were two theories astronomers in Alexandria believed to be true? • The sun was at least 300 times larger than the earth and the earth and other planets revolved around the sun. Q 6: • What contributions did the following people make to the worlds of science and mathematics? • Euclid: book, Elements, proposed 465 geometry propositions and proofs- still used today • Archimedes- value of pi, law of the lever, screw to raise water from the ground and compound pulleys. Question 7: • What did Stoic Philosophers believe? Live a life in harmony with god and the laws of nature Human desires, power and wealth should be discouraged Question 8: • What did the followers of Epicureanism believe? “The good Life” Gods with no interest in humans ruled the universe. Greatest good comes from virtue and absence of pain Question 9: • How did art change during the Hellenistic Period? Realism, more natural works of ordinary daily life and real people