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ANCIENT GREECE
The Role of Geography: Greece
• Greece: A mountainous peninsula along
the Mediterranean Sea. Also: 2,000
islands along the Ionian and Aegean Seas.
• 1. SEA:
• “They did not live on land but rather
around the sea”
• -Used the seas around them as travel
ways between themselves and other
societies
• -Trade was essential: Greece lacks natural
resources
• 2. LAND:
• -80% of land almost unlivable: Rocky Terrain
that divided up the land.
• Result: Divided up land=divided up government
• -Few roads on land, relied on sea
• -1/4 on the land farmable
• - A lot of small streams: not good for irrigation
•
RESULTS: lack of fertile ground and fresh
water=Greece’s inability to support a large
population
• 3. CLIMATE:
• -varied temperature: 40s in winter, 80s in
summer
• -Thus, outdoor lifestyle could be fostered
CIVILZATION DEVELOPS!!
• Cultures: MYCENAEAN & MINOAN & the
DORIANS
• MYCENAEAN:
• came to Greece 2000BC
• leading city: Mycenae
• Fortified city! - What does this mean?
• Ruled by a Warrior King
• had strongest influence 1600-1100BC
• sea travelers/traders
• TROJAN WAR!!!- 10 year war with city of Troy
(Anatolia)
• MINOAN
• Met w/ Mycenae in 1500 BC: war or trade?
• RESULT: Mycenae see benefit of meeting
other cultures: Mycenae then travel all
over…became great sea traders!
• Mycenae adapted Minoan writing, art,
religion, politics, and literature
• DORIAN
• Greek culture declines
• 1200 BC the Doric
people caused collapsed
of Mycenaean
• No written documents
from 1150 BC- 750 BC
• Homer: Iliad and
Odyssey
– Blind storyteller
– Wrote of Trojan War:
EPICS & MYTHS
WARRING CITY-STATES
• -750 BC: Most Greeks lived in a Polis or
City-state
• - In a polis
•
- Agora: marketplace
•
- ACROPOLIS: A fortified hilltop:
temples, gov bds.
•
- city center-village-farmland
• -Different forms of Gov’t
• -monarchy: king (one)
• - Aristocracy: small group of elite:
NOBILITY
• - Oligarchy: small group of powerful
people
• - Tyranny: Diff. view compared today’s
people who seized the throne to appeal to
ordinary people
•
•
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•
•
•
ATHENS
Had a democracy
All citizens equal in society, not necessarily in
government
Education: Mind and Body
Council made up of men ages 30 and older
Assembly made of men
Juries were random and large
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SPARTA
Military State: Military very important
Upper class had power in society
Education focuses on military
Council was men 60 or older
Assembly men 20 or older
Kings acted as judges
ATHENIAN GOLDEN AGE 477-431 BCE
• Period of Growth: drama, sculpture,
poetry, philosophy, architecture
• PERICLES: 1. Strengthen
Athenian Democracy
2. Hold and strengthen the Empire
3. GLORIFY ATHENS!!! Ex:
Parthenon
• -Direct Democracy: citizens rule
directly-not through representatives
PHILOSOPHY
• Socrates: most of what we know came
from his student: Plato
– Did not write his feelings down
•
“The unexamined life is not worth
living”
• Plato: created a school named the
Academy
– Wrote The Republic
– Believed only the intelligent should be able to
vote
– Everything has an ideal form
• Aristotle: Plato’s student
– Created a school called the Lyceum: more
scientific
•
Taught Alexander the Great
What
was the
Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in
Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the
finest example of Greek Architecture.
Where is most
Greek Painting
found today?
Who was
Praxiteles?
How did Greek
art glorify the
human being?
What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?
It
How did Greek
art show pride
in Greece’s
City-States?
What
was the
Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in
Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the
finest example of Greek Architecture.
Where is most
Greek Painting
found today?
Who was
Praxiteles?
How did Greek
art glorify the
human being?
The best
preserved
examples are
found on vases.
Greek vase
painters
illustrated scenes
from everyday
life as well as
mythological
events.
What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?
How did Greek
art show pride
in Greece’s
City-States?
What
was the
Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in
Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the
finest example of Greek Architecture.
Where is most
Greek Painting
found today?
Who was
Praxiteles?
The best
preserved
examples are
found on vases.
Greek vase
painters
illustrated scenes
from everyday
life as well as
mythological
events.
Praxiteles was a
Greek sculptor who
sculpted figures
that were more
lifelike and natural
in form and size
than other
sculptors before
him..
How did Greek
art glorify the
human being?
What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?
It
How did Greek
art show pride
in Greece’s
City-States?
What
was the
Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in
Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the
finest example of Greek Architecture.
Where is most
Greek Painting
found today?
Who was
Praxiteles?
How did Greek
art glorify the
human being?
The best
preserved
examples are
found on vases.
Greek vase
painters
illustrated scenes
from everyday
life as well as
mythological
events.
Praxiteles was a
Greek sculptor who
sculpted figures
that were more
lifelike and natural
in form and size
than other
sculptors before
him..
Greek artists placed
great importance on
human qualities and
actions. Their works
often glorified human
beings. Their artists
also showed qualities
like strength,
intelligence, pride,
grace and courage
which were greatly
admired by the Greeks
What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?
How did Greek
art show pride
in Greece’s
City-States?
What
was the
Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in
Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the
finest example of Greek Architecture.
Where is most
Greek Painting
found today?
Who was
Praxiteles?
How did Greek
art glorify the
human being?
The best
preserved
examples are
found on vases.
Greek vase
painters
illustrated scenes
from everyday
life as well as
mythological
events.
Praxiteles was a
Greek sculptor who
sculpted figures
that were more
lifelike and natural
in form and size
than other
sculptors before
him..
Greek artists placed
great importance on
human qualities and
actions. Their works
often glorified human
beings. Their artists
also showed qualities
like strength,
intelligence, pride,
grace and courage
which were greatly
admired by the Greeks
What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?
How did Greek
art show pride
in Greece’s
City-States?
Art was meant for
public enjoyment,
and the
architecture and
public buildings
were meant to be
a monument to the
power and glory of
the polis.
What
was the
Parthenon?
The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in
Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the
finest example of Greek Architecture.
Where is most
Greek Painting
found today?
Who was
Praxiteles?
How did Greek
art glorify the
human being?
The best
preserved
examples are
found on vases.
Greek vase
painters
illustrated scenes
from everyday
life as well as
mythological
events.
Praxiteles was a
Greek sculptor who
sculpted figures
that were more
lifelike and natural
in form and size
than other
sculptors before
him..
Greek artists placed
great importance on
human qualities and
actions. Their works
often glorified human
beings. Their artists
also showed qualities
like strength,
intelligence, pride,
grace and courage
which were greatly
admired by the Greeks
How did Greek
art show pride
in Greece’s
City-States?
Art was meant for
public enjoyment,
and the
architecture and
public buildings
were meant to be
a monument to the
power and glory of
the polis.
What was the Acropolis? Where was it located?
It was a high hill in the center of Athens. The Parthenon stood there as well as other
important buildings and art works.
The Peloponnesian War
• Sparta Declares War: 431
BCE
• Athens: NAVY
• Pericles’Strategy: avoid land
battles and fight at sea
• Sparta: ARMY
• Strategy: located inland: can
not be easily invaded by sea:
want to fight on land
• What Happened?:
• Sparta marches into
Athens, burns food
supply
• Athens get food from
allies
• PLAGUE hits Athens:
kills 1/3 of population
including:
PERICLES!!!!!!
• 421 BC: Both sides call
a truce
• 415 BC: Athens sends 20,000 soldiers to
Sicily to destroy Syracuse, Sparta’s
wealthiest ally
• Sparta CRUSHED the Athenians!
• Athens tried to keep fighting…within 9
years 404 BC: their power, wealth, fleet,
army, empire….all was lost!!!
• An Athenian aristocrat, Thucydides
proclaimed, “The Athenians were
destroyed with a total destruction- their
fleet, their army- there was nothing that
was not destroyed, and few out of many
returned home.”
KING PHILLIP II
• -King of Macedonia (north of Greece)
• -transformed Macedonia from poor
and weak and rich and POWERFUL!!!
• -built a war machine: well trained army
and advance strategy
• -PLAN: to conquer Persian Empire:
need Greece to have the power to
succeed
• -Greek city-states lacked a plan to stop
Phillip from invading
• -Although Athens and Thebes tried,
GREECE WAS CONQUERED by King
Phillip II, all city-states except Sparta.
• -Battle of Chaeronea: marks the defeat of
Greece
• -Phillip dies and his son takes over goal of
conquering PERSIA
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• -student of Aristotle,
became king at age 20
• -Alexander moved towards
Persia and Darius III: king
of Persia
• -333BC: Alexander won the
1st battle but Darius III
escaped
• -Alexander and the
Macedonians swept
through more and more of
the Persian Empire
ALEXANDER IN EGYPT, PERSIA
AND INDUS VALLEY
• EGYPT
• -Alexander conquered Egypt,
became pharaoh
• -created city of Alexandria:
became center of commerce and
culture
• -Ptolemy: one of Alexander’s
general was left to rule over Egypt
• PERSIA
• -After Egypt, Alexander continued through
Persia
• -331 BC- Battled with Darius III again and
won…again
• -Darius III was killed by his own men
• -Alexander wins Persia! Burns Persepolis down
• INDUS VALLEY
• -Alexander conquered Indus River Valley (India)
• -He wanted to go deeper, his men did not
• -Alexander turned back
THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER
• Culture
• Alexander wanted the culture of Greece and his
conquered lands to mix.
• He saw Europe and Asia as one, even married
an Asian woman.
• Death
• -Had more dreams to expand but fell sick and
died at age 33
• -after death, his culture he created declined and
his empire was divided up between his generals
into smaller empires