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PPT used by permission of Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Edited by Patti Summers, Conway Christian School 2012 The Geography of Greece Greek Civilization Periods • Pre-Greek – Aegean or Archaic • Greek – Hellenic • Post-Greek – Hellenistic (from Death of Alexander to the Rise of Rome) • From Greek “Hellas” which is what Greeks still call their own country. Bronze Age Greece Crete: Minoan Civilization Palace at Knossos (the ‘k’ is silent) Flush toilets, running water, bathtubs! Knossos: Minoan Civilization Flourished 2000 BC Named for King Minos Minoan Civilization The Mycenaean Civilization Mycenaeans Traded with Egypt and the Fertile Crescent Rt: The Lion Gate, entrance To the fortified citadel of Mycenae Mycenaeans • Mainland • Learned art, building, culture from Minoans • Might have destroyed Knossos • Military expertise, fortified cities • Expanded through sea raids, piracy, colonization • Rival: Troy on the Hellespont • Finally conquered by the Dorians from the north Trojan War p. 56 • Mycenaeans went to war against Troy • 10 years • Mycenaeans won using Trojan Horse • Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the war • “Beware of Greeks bearing gifts!” The Mask of Agamemnon ??? (Not, but it’s still a good find!) Golden mask discovered by Schliemann with nine cities of Troy in layers! Homeric Age: The “Heroic Age” Greek Dark Age •Iliad & Odyssey give us our knowledge of this period in Greek history •Heroic stories of dignity, strength, valor, bravery, generosity and wisdom Greek Dark Ages 1150 – 750 BC • Greeks neglected the palace fortresses • Little contact with outside civilizations • Move from cities to small villages • This period blends many elements into a common Greek culture Greek Mythology p. 57-58 • • • • • • • • • • 12 chief gods/goddesses Lived on Mt. Olympus Zeus – king of the gods, lightening bolts Apollo – sun, music, medicine Athena – wisdom (patron of Athens) Poseidon – sea, earthquakes Anthropomorphic (human characteristics) Prayer/sacrifices offered to them Olympics honored Zeus Olympiad – the four-year period between each Olympic games Olympia The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers Olympia: Temple to Hera The 2004 Olympics Role of City States p. 59 • Greek mountains isolated the various city states • Usually built at the foot of a hill • Fortress built on top = “acropolis” • Polis = “city – state” was basic unit of government • Unit of authority, protection for the Greek was his city Government p. 59 • Monarchy: rule by one. Homeric age. • Oligarchy: rule by few. Council of nobles or popular assembly. Tension between nobles and lower classes. • Tyranny: gained control by force. Not necessarily corrupt, sometimes a reformer. • Democracy: rule by the people. Each adult male citizen could share in ruling his city state. • Athens and Sparta eventually became opposing strong city states with differing philosophies of rule. Greek Colonies p. 60 Sparta • City-state located on the Peloponnesus • Dorians conquered it and made the people slaves, or Helots • Made other conquests slaves as well • Slaves outnumbered free men • Militaristic ways because of fear of slave revolt • Warrior training • Unhealthy babies left to die • Boys raised in barracks after age 7 • Learned to endure beatings, to steal • Soldiers at 20, citizens at 30 Sparta, cont. • Women told their husbands, “Return with your shield or on it.” • Oligarchy government • Peloponnesian League organized by Sparta to counter the democratic principles of the Athenian city-state. SPARTA SPARTA Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans. ATHENS: Yesterday & Today Piraeus: Athens’ Port City Athens p. 61 • Had king during Homeric Age • Later oligarchy of chief nobles, with chief archon elected from their midst • Common people began to resent the nobles Phidias’ Acropolis The Acropolis Today The Parthenon The Agora The Classical Greek “Ideal” Early Athenian Lawgivers Solon – reformer whose changes helped common man p. 61 $ $ Forbade making debtors slaves $ Council of 400 gave representation to all sections of Athens $ After his death, tyrants seized power for the lower classes… $ True democracy came later with Pericles, 5th century BC 3.3 Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious 3.3 The Fateful Century • Persian Wars – Battle of Marathon – Persia conquered Greek colonies in Asia Minor – Greeks rebelled and Darius I attacked them at Marathon – Athenians were victorious – The distance for the Olympic “marathon” comes from this event in history, the distance run by a messenger to tell the king that the Greeks had won the battle. p. 62 • Battle of Thermopylae – Darius I never forgot his humiliation at Marathon, and planned to retaliate – After his death, Xerxes, his son, attacked with an enormous army – Greeks defended at the mountain pass at Thermopylae • 7000 Greeks • Probably 200,000 Persians • Greeks were betrayed by one of their own • Story of the “300” - Video to come… • Battle of Salamis – After Thermopylae, the Persians marched on to burn Athens to the ground – Greek leader Themistocles outwitted the Persians into entering the Strait of Salamis, where Larger Persian ships were outmaneuvered by Greek smaller ships – see “Greek Warships” video – First great naval battle in history! Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE Periclean Age p. 64 • After defeating the Persians at Salamis, other city states looked to Athens for protection • Delian League was defensive alliance for Athens • Pericles led Athens 30 years • Called Athens “the school of Greece” • All adult males could vote, share in govt. equally • Many contributions to culture and thought under Pericles Peloponnesian Wars Peloponnesian Wars p.65 • Both Athens and Sparta had fought together against Persia • Later, however, Sparta was jealous of Athens’ power and influence • Delian League was now an empire for Athens • Sparta: strong land army • Athens: best navy • Plague killed may Athenians early in the war • Sparta eventually defeated/destroyed Athens’ fleet • Sparta wins the war! • Sparta is a hard taskmaster and many Greeks are unhappy under her rule… Macedonia Under Philip II Macedonia Unites Greece p. 65 • Philip II conquers Greece • Admired Greek culture, art, literature • Treated them well • Wanted the conquered Greeks to help him invade Persia and get revenge • Died before he could do it • Son, Alexander, became King at 20 • Alexander was tutored by Aristotle Alexander the Great Alexander’s Conquests p.66 • Conquered Asia Minor and went on to conquer Persia, who was led by Darius III. He avenged the Persian invasion of Greece (Thermopylae) • Conquered Syria, Tyre, Egypt • 8 years, 11,000 miles later, his army rebelled and turned back at India • Alexander died of a fever at 32 • Bible prophesied his empire would be divided into four parts (Daniel 8:21-22, 11:4) Alexander the Great in Persia Alexander’s Horse • Someone offered a black stallion with a white blaze to Philip to see if he wanted to buy it, but no one could ride the horse. • Alexander, then 12, asked how anyone could turn the horse down • The men laughed at him • He offered to ride the horse if it would then belong to him • He turned the horse so it could not see its own shadow, then calmed the horse, then proceeded to ride him. • Called the horse “Bucephalus” because it carried the brand of the ox head. Alexander the Great’s Empire Divided Empire p. 66 • Four generals divided Alexander’s empire • Formed ruling dynasties which existed until Rome conquered them • Ptolemies: Egypt • Seleucids: Syria/Persia • Antigonids: Macedonia/Greece Alexander’s Kingdom divided among four generals. The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire Review p. 66 1. Over what kingdom did Philip II rule? 2. Who was the teacher of Alexander the Great who instilled in his youg pupil a love for Greek culture? 3. List the three ruling families that ruled portions of Alexander’s empire after his death. Identify the region each ruled. 3.5 Greek Culture p. 67 Valued: Beauty Freedom Justice Truth Knowledge Appreciated: Creative spirit Versatile talents Thirst for knowledge Physical ability Zest of life Self-control Restraint Balance Moderation Hellenic Culture: Before Alexander • Greeks called themselves Hellenes • Called Greece Hellas, still do! • Peak of Hellenic culture was Golden Age of Athens • Cradle of Western Culture • Greek army never conquered the world, but Greek culture did! Hellenistic Culture: From Alexander to Rome • Greek Language and way of life later mixed with cultures all over the conquered world and formed “Hellenistic” culture, meaning “like the Greek” • Blended art, religion, philosophy, and customs The Hellenization of Asia Pergamum: A Hellenistic City The Economy of the Hellenistic World Recommendation! • I recommend that you make review cards to help you learn the names of the individuals in this section of the book. They are important, and it will be easy to confuse them if you don’t have a good study tool. • Use the “Can You Identify?” list on p. 75 Focus on Man p. 67 • Ability to think and reason made man unique • Humanities: study of philosophy and human thought • “Man is the measure of all things” Protagoras. The ultimate source of value is man, rather than a god or moral law. • Developing human capabilities toward perfection. Philosophers p. 68 • • • • • • Means “lovers of wisdom” Seek truth/obtain knowledge “Where did I come from?” “Why am I here?” “What is the highest good in life?” Greek assumptions – Basic goodness of man – Relied on man’s wisdom as a guide for behavior and means of finding happiness Important Philosophers p.68 • Thales: Father of Philosophy – Sought to explain origin of universe – Water as original substance of all things • Socrates: Golden Age. – “Know Thyself.” “The unexamined life is not worth living.” – Teaching through questioning. Socratic method. – Absolute truth can be obtained through human reason – Virtue = knowledge, Ignorance = evil – Questioned fundamental institutions of his day. – Tried for corrupting youth of Athens, condemned to death – Drank hemlock Important Philosophers • Plato – Pupil of Socrates p. 69 – – – – Established the Academy in Athens Wrote “The Republic” – ideal plan for society/govt. Said freedom and liberty without restraint leads to anarchy Nature of true reality: things must be permanent to be truly “real.” True Reality lies outside the physical world. – Earthly things are “shadows” of eternal “forms” from an unseen realm • Aristotle – Came to Athens from northern Greece – – – – – – Studied at Plato’s Academy Tutored Alexander Physical world IS reality. Scientific method. Best remembered for writings on logic, “The Organon” Golden Mean – Everything in moderation Syllogism (3-step logical process) • All Greeks are human>Aristotle is a Greek>Therefore, Aristotle is human! Raphael’s “School of Athens” “The School of Athens” by Raphael Plato (427-345 BC) He pointed up, emphasizing that he believed ultimate reality was in things we cannot see, such as ideas and thoughts. Plato was a student of Socrates. Aristotle (384322 BC) - He spread his hand down, emphasizing what we can see and touch. He was a student of Plato. What is ultimate reality? Epicureans & Stoics p. 70 • Emerged after death of Alexander • Epicurus: avoid pain and fear • Zeno founded Stoicism – – – – Fixed laws govern the affairs of men/universe Accept your fate and life a life of duty, self-control Great impact on the Roman World Apostle Paul preached in Athens and was mocked by both groups for his teaching on the resurrection, which contradicted their teachings. Other Contributions p. 70 • Pythagoras: Geometry. Pythagorean Theorem • Hippocrates: Father of Medicine. Illness has a natural cause & is not a punishment of the gods. – Hippocratic oath governed his practice. • Euclid: Father of Geometry. School of math in Alexandria, Egypt. – Wrote “Elements”, basis for modern geometry textbooks • Archimedes: famous scientist “Eureka!” (Lever) • Eratosthenes: found circumference of the globe using geometry. – Made latitude/longitude lines still used – Note: they knew the world was round!!! Greek Literature p.71 • Herodotus: Father of History – Wrote history of Persian Wars • Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War – More accurate & unbiased than Herodotus • Drama was important in Greek life. – – – – Festivals in Athens Outdoor performances, contests Sophocles: tragedy Aristophanes: comedy Greek Art & Architecture p. 72-73 • • • • Three periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic Archaic: Egyptian influence, more crude forms Classical: highest achievement, ideal forms Hellenistic: lost simple beauty and became more emotional, post-Alexander • Golden Age of Greece = Classical Age of Architecture – Standard was copied by many generations – Athenian Acropolis, rebuilt after the Persian War destroyed the buildings after the defeat at Thermopylae – Pericles had many temples rebuilt – Parthenon – Temple to Athena in Athens