Download The Early Greeks

The Early Greeks
Chapter 4, Section 1, page 116
Chapter 4, Section 1 Objectives
• After this lesson, students will be able to:
– explain how geography impacted Greece’s early
civilizations, the Minoans and the Mycenaeans.
– describe how colonies and trade spread Greek culture,
which included the idea of citizenship.
The Geography of Greece – page 117
• mild climate
• a land tied to the sea
• mountainous terrain
The Geography of Greece – page 117
• peninsula – a body of land with water on three sides
• Peloponnesus – peninsula forming the southern part of the
mainland of Greece
• strait – a narrow strip of water with land on both sides
The Geography of Greece – page 117
The Minoans – page 118
• The Minoans
– first civilization to arise in the region that became
Greece
– seafaring trade network
The Minoans – page 118
• The palace at Knossos
The Minoans – page 118
• mysterious disappearance
– natural disasters?
• volcanic eruptions
• earthquakes
• tidal waves
– invasion?
The First Greek Kingdoms – page 119
• The Mycenaeans
– war
• cyclopean walls
• art depicting hunting and war
– trade
• learned navigation by the
sun and stars from the
Minoans
– disappearance
• invasion?
• reversion from urban society
to rural one and a decrease
in writing leads to…
The First Greek Kingdoms – page 119
The Greek Dark Ages – page 129
• The Greek Dark Ages ( 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C.)
– natural disasters
– war
– food shortages
– writing all but disappears
A Move to Colonize – page 121
• Why?
– resource shortages
• Consequences
– surge in trade
– coinage
The Polis – page 122
• polis – the early Greek city-state
– most between 50 and 500 square miles and around
10,000 residents
• acropolis – an upper fortified part of the city
• agora – open area that served as a market and a
meeting place
The Polis – page 122
The Polis – page 122
What was Greek Citizenship? – page 122
• Greeks were first to develop the idea of citizenship.
– free, native-born, men who owned land made up
citizens
• rights:
–
–
–
–
vote
hold office
own property
defend oneself in court
• responsibilities:
– participate in government
– serve in the army (hoplites – ordinary citizens in the army)
Chapter 4, Section 1 Questions
1. A _____ is a body of land with water on three
sides.
2. Name one way in which Greece’s geography
impacted how civilization developed there.
3. What early civilization established a seafaring
network and built the palace complex at Knossos?
4. Define acropolis and agora.
5. Name the requirements for citizenship in the Greek
city-states.
Sparta and Athens
Chapter 4, Section 2, page 124
Chapter 4, Section 2 Objectives
• After this lesson, students will be able to:
– describe how tyrants seized control over many citystates.
– explain how the Spartans focused on military rule, while
the Athenians were more interested in democracy.
Tyranny in the City-States – page 125
• farmers and merchants dissatisfied with status quo
• tyrants – person who takes power by force and
rules with total authority
– used the backing of the common people to gain control
of government
– not necessarily cruel, for instance some set up building
programs to provide jobs and housing
– fell out of favor around 500 B.C.
Sparta – page 126
• Spartan society
– Homoioi – ruling class of kings and warriors
– Perioikoi – “dwellers around” free people, mostly
merchants and farmers who were not citizens
– helots - people who were conquered and enslaved
by the Spartans
• c. 725 B.C. – Sparta conquers its neighbors, Messenia
• the Messenians → helots
• helot revolt – almost successful
Sparta – page 126
• a military state
– Why?
• Spartans conquered neighbors when they needed
territory
• helot revolt left an impression
– life in a place that is an “armed camp”
– victory no matter the cost – retreat was not an option
• “With this shield, or on it.”
– Spartans focused on military service to the state
above all else
• tombstones only for warriors who died in battle and mothers
who died in childbirth
Sparta – page 126
• What to expect as a Spartan:
– inspection as a child
– placed in barracks at 7 years old, when
training would begin (boot camp)
– children were property of the state
– given little clothing and no shoes
– days spent marching, fighting, and
exercising
– food was sparse (black porridge);
encouraged to steal to make up for it
– punishments were severe
– entered the regular army at 20
– stayed in barracks until 30
– served in army until 60
Spartan Government – page 127
• oligarchy – government in which a few people
hold power
– two kings
– council of 28 elders (men over 60)
– assembly of all Spartan men over 30
– ephors – oversaw law enforcement and managed tx
collection
Athens – page 128
• Athens focused on
government and education.
– school was more similar to what we
have today than the Spartan agoge
– boys taught to read, write, do
arithmetic, play sports, as well as
sing or play instruments
– goal of school was to develop well
rounded young men
– girls stayed home and learned how
to run a household
A Budding Democracy – page 129
• 600 B.C. – farmers begin to rebel against the
nobles
• 594 B.C. Solon is chosen to settle the problems
– cancels farmers’ debts and freed those who had
become slaves
– creates a council of 400 wealthy men to write laws
– allows a council of all male citizens to meet to pass laws
• 560 B.C. – Pesistratus seized power as a tyrant
• 508 B.C. – Cleisthenes – credited with making
the government of Athens a democracy
Chapter 4, Section 2 Questions
1. Who were the tyrants?
2. Why did the Spartans place so much stress on military
service?
3. Explain the meaning of the statement, “With this shield, or
on it.” What does that tell us about the Spartan mindset?
4. How did Athens’ focus differ from that of Sparta?
5. What is Cleisthenes credited with accomplishing?
6. Imagine you are a 28-year-old man living in Sparta in 700
B.C. Write a letter to your 6-year-old nephew telling him
what to expect when he leaves home on his next birthday.
Persia Attacks the Greeks
Chapter 4, Section 3, page 131
Chapter 4, Section 3 Objectives
• After this lesson, students will be able to:
– discuss how the Persian Empire united a wide area
under a single government.
– describe how Sparta and Athens joined forces to defeat
the Persians.
The Persian Empire – page 132
• Persian Empire – united a wide area under a
single government
– east of Greece
– extremely powerful state
– Cyrus the Great – King of Persia
• merciful rule helped to hold empire together; “absolutism with
toleration”
– system of roads
The Persian Empire – page132
What was Persian Government Like? – page 133
• Darius – Persian king
who reorganized the
government
– satrapies – states into
which Darius divided the
empire
• each led by a satrap –
means “defender of the
kingdom”
– acted as tax collector,
judge, chief of police, and
head recruiter for the army
The Persian Religion – page 133
• Zoroastrianism – Persian religion founded by
Zoroaster
– monotheistic
– humans choose between right and wrong
– good will eventually triumph over evil
The Persian Wars – page 134
• Why?
– Persians felt wrongs had been committed against them by the
Greeks
– clashes between Greek colonies and the Persians in Asia Minor
– Darius’ desire for vengeance – “Sire, remember the Athenians.”
• 490 B.C. – Persians land 25,000 men on the plain of
Marathon, about 26 miles from Athens
• Athenians number about 10,000 infantry
• Persians unprepared for the Greek phalanxes
• Greeks slaughter the Persians: killing 6,000 Persians at a
cost of less than 200 of their own
• Pheidippides – “Victory.”
Another Persian Strike – page 135
• Xerxes – Persian king (son of Darius) who
invaded Greece to increase his country’s
wealth, for glory, and for revenge
– 180,000 troops and thousands of warships and supply
vessels
• Themistocles, an Athenian general, decides the
best strategy is to cut Persia’s supply lines on the
seas, but he needs time to raise a navy.
Another Persian Strike – page 136
• Thermopylae – the
famous last stand of the
300
– 7,000 Greeks versus
180,000 Persians (500,000
total?)
– bottleneck nullifies numbers
– Greeks betrayed and
defeated, but delay worked
Another Persian Strike – page 136
• Salamis – naval battle in
which the Greeks
crushed the Persian fleet
– won because of the
maneuverability of their
ships
• Persians continue on and
burn Athens
• Platea – Greek victory
over the Persians that
convinced the Persians
to go home
What Caused the Persian Empire to Fall? – page 137
•
•
•
•
•
•
losses to the Greeks weaken its power
new rulers raise tax rates
overextended its army
fights over who should be king
plots to take the throne
Alexander the Great
Chapter 4, Section 3 Questions
1. What quality helped Cyrus the Great hold Perisa
together?
2. What move did Darius make that helped him manage the
empire?
3. What helped cause Darius to decide to invade Greece?
4. Place the following battles in the order in which they
occurred: Platea, Marathon, Salamis, Thermopylae.
5. Why was Thermopylae successful in a way?
The Age of Pericles
Chapter 4, Section 4, page 138
Chapter 4, Section 4 Objectives
• After this lesson, students will be able to:
– discuss how Athens became very powerful and more
democratic.
– describe what happened when Athens and Sparta went
to war over control of Greece.
The Athenian Empire – page 139
• The Delian League
– island of Delos
– began as an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens
(Sparta was not included)
– purpose was to create an alliance to defend Greece
and her colonies from the Persians
– effective in controlling the Persian threat
– Athens grew to dominate the treasury, fleet, and army
– Delian League → effectively an Athenian Empire
Democracy in Athens – page 139
• direct democracy – system of government in
which people gather at mass meetings to decide
on government matters
– Athens: 43,000 male citizens
– about 6,000 attend meetings in the agora every ten days
– assembly passes laws, elects officials, and made
decisions on foreign policy
– ten generals carried out the assembly’s laws
Democracy in Athens – page 139
• representative democracy – system of
government in which citizens choose a smaller
group to make laws and governmental decisions
on their behalf
The Achievements of Pericles – page 140
• Pericles – Athenian statesman who is
credited with making Athens more
democratic
– strides in democracy
• Greeks see ability as the key to holding office
• included lower-class citizens in government
• paid officeholders
– Age of Pericles – age of great creativity
and learning in Athens
• support for artists, writers, architects, and
philosophers (thinkers who ponder questions
about life)
The Achievements of Pericles – page 141
The Parthenon • approximately 15 years to complete
• 20,000+ tons of marble
• cost: $3 billion (based on the value of
money today)
Daily Life in Athens – page 142
• Population
– 285,000 residents
• 150,000 citizens (43,000 men with political rights)
• 35,000 foreigners
• 100,000 slaves
• The Roles of Men and Women
– men worked in the morning and usually exercised or
attended the assembly in the evenings
– women not seen as the equals of men
• notable exception: Aspasia
The Peloponnesian War – page 144
• Why?
– other city-states (Sparta and Corinth) suspicious of Athenian motives
• Who?
– Delian League (Athenian Empire) vs. Peloponnesian League (Sparta
and her allies)
• When?
– 431 B.C. to 404 B.C.
• Strategy
– Sparta – surround the Athenians and goad them into a fight
– Athens – avoid pitched battles and use their superior navy to raid the
Peloponnesus
Why Was Athens Defeated? – page 145
• disease strikes Athens (Pericles dies 429 B.C.)
• war off and on for years
• Sparta made a deal with Persia to get money for its
own navy
• 404 B.C. – Athens surrenders; Sparta is in control
Why Was Athens Defeated? – page 146
• Outcome: The Peloponnesian War was bad for
the winners as well as the losers.
– Greece was ravaged by years of war: farms were
destroyed, thousands were without jobs, manpower
reduced from fighting
– unity among the city states was rendered
impossible (fighting between city-states continued)
– Overall, Greece was weaker and easier to conquer.
(Alexander the Great)
Chapter 4, Section 4 Questions
1. Why was the Delian League originally formed?
2. What did the Delian League effectively develop
into?
3. What is the difference between a direct and a
representative democracy?
4. What is Pericles known for?
5. Why was the Peloponnesian War bad for the
winners as well as the losers?