Download The cell - Libero.it

I.P.S.I.A. “L. Zanussi” - Pordenone
CLIL PROJECT
The cell
Subject: Science
Author: Allida De Candido
English teacher: Bruna Pavan
School year: 2004/2005
1
Sommario
Lesson plan
pqg. 3
Procedure
5
Secret cell
7
Questions
8
Cells sizes
9
The words meaning
10
Differences between cells
11
How big are cells?
13
What are the correct definitions? 14
Relative sizes of cells A
15
Relative sizes of cells B
16
What else about cells?
17
Animal and plant cell
Similarities and differences
Comparing plant and animal cell
27
28
29
Cell like a busy factory
30
What is there inside the cell?
Cellcrossword
Parts of the cell A
Parts of the cell B
Departements and functions
18
24
25
26
in the factory
31
Question loop
32
Final test
37
Glossary
38
Answers
41
Bibliography
51
Home
2
Lesson plan
Objectives







Students will be able to:
describe the cell
use appropriate scientific terms for organelles and their
functions
remember the names of the organelles
explain the resemblances and the differences between animal
and plant cells
recognize animal and plant cells
know the importance of the cell
Home
Sommario
3
Contents
The cell structure and function.
A comparison between animal and plant cell.
Grade level
It may be adapted for use in a Vocational Training School
for students beginning to study Biology.
Time
Approximately 3 hours.
Resources
Internet site; school books.
Home
Sommario
4
Procedure
The lesson will start with simple information about the cell:
a) all living organisms are made of one or more cells;
b) cell size.
Open questions will get some information from the text .
With looking up in the dictionary for specific words students will
understand better their meaning.
In picture1 the students can recognize the shape of different cells and in
picture 2 they can see the various sizes of cells and their components.
Finally to establish the students’ knowledge there is a chart to fill in with
the given definitions.
The next step is about what there is inside the cell, the names and the
functions of the organelles.
The students will be given a paper with all this information and matching
halves phrases on the functions to get immediate feedback.
With the filling of a crossword the students will be able to remember the
names of organelles and their functions.
A work in pairs is useful to fix the concepts.
Home
Sommario
5
The third step is made to observe the difference between plant and
animal cells. Looking at Fig.3 the students will also see what animal
and plant cells have in common and will be able to fill in the Venn
diagram.
Some questions about fig.3 are useful to observe and point out the
similarities and the differences.
In the fourth step the student will consolidate and memorise the
names of organelles, observing the picture and filling in the empty
column.
A game and a final test get students to revise all the lesson.
Home
Sommario
6
Secret cell
Your body is made up of about 100 billion living cells.
You can tell when they are alive because there are
all sorts of chemical changes going on inside them.
Every cell is like a tiny ball of jelly full of chemicals
and it’s far too small to be seen without a
microscope. In fact you can squeeze thousands of
them into the full stop at the end of this sentence.
Micron is the order size of the cell.
Home
Sommario
7
Questions
Answer these questions:
1. What other definition of cell do you know?
------------------------------------------------------2. What instrument do you use for looking at cells?
--------------------------------------------------------3. How many cells are there in your body?
-------------------------------------------------------4. What happens inside the cell?
--------------------------------------------------------Home
Sommario
8
Cells sizes
Cells vary greatly in size. Most cannot be seen without
a microscope, although a few varieties are visible to
the naked eye.
The diameter of an average animal cell is about 10
micrometers (or 0.01 millimetre) and of an average
plant cell is about 100 micrometers (0,1 millimetre).
Some cells are quite large. Eggs of animals are single
cells before their development begins, and they are
usually visible to the eye.
Bacterial cells are very small, with diameters of only
0.35 to 0.40 micrometer, near the limit of resolution of
an ordinary light microscope.
Home
Sommario
9
The words meaning
Look up in the dictionary the meaning of these words:
Size……………………………………………………………….
Average…………………………………………………………
Plant……………………………………………………………..
Animal…………………………………………………………..
Development…………………………………………………
Visible……………………………………………………………
Bacterial………………………………………………………………………..
Home
Sommario
10
Differences between cells
Fig.1
bacteria
animal cell
plant cell
Home
Sommario
11
The differences
Complete the sentences with the given word:
1.
2.
3.
Bacterial cell is the …………………..
Plant cell is the ………………………
Animal cell is …………. than the bacterial cell, but
……………..than the animal cell
smaller, smallest, biggest, bigger
Home
Sommario
12
How big are cells and their components?
Fig. 2
Home
Sommario
13
What are the correct definitions?
Complete the chart using the given definitions:
What is the range in micron to see an
animal and a plant cell?
……………………………………
What is the size order of the
molecules?
……………………………………
Which instrument do you use to see
the plant cell?
……………………………………
What is the range in nm to see the
proteins?
……………………………………
Which type of instrument can you use
to see the organelles better?
……………………………………
nanometre; electron microscope; between 10 and 100 ;
light microscope; between 0.3 and 10 ;
Home
Sommario
14
Relative sizes of cells A
Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions to fill the gaps in
your worksheet.
…………………microscope is an instrument for looking at the shape of
cells.
Electron microscope is an ……………………for looking inside the cell.
There are three types of cells . One example of this is……………………
An animal cell is different from a plant cell in size and in ………………….
Micron is the unit of measure of……………..
……………………. is the unit of measure of ……………… and virus.
The ……………….. of an average animal cell is about 10 micrometers.
Most bacterial cells are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to
0.40
micrometer,
near
the
limit
of
resolution
of
an
ordinary …………… …………………
Home
Sommario
15
Relative sizes of cells B
Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions to fill the gaps in
your worksheet
Light microscope is an …………………… for looking at the shape of the
cells.
…………………microscope is an instrument for looking inside the cell.
There are three types of ……………….. One example of this is
bacterium.
An animal cell is different from a plant cell in ……………and in shape.
……………….. is the unit of measure of cells.
Nanometre is the unit of measure of molecules and …………………..
The diameter of an average animal cell is about………………
Most ………………... cells are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to
0.40 micrometer, near the ……………….of ………………….. of an
ordinary light microscope.
Home
Sommario
16
What else about cells ?
Worksheet
_________________ are the building blocks of life. A living thing is
called an _______________________
All _____________are made up of cells.
Living organisms are composed of one or more __________________
cells.
Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena are examples of
_________________ cells.
Plants and animals are __________________.
Work Bank
microscopic
unicellular
Home
multicellular
cells
organism
living things
Sommario
17
What is there inside the cell?
Inside the cell there is a secret
world. There are many tiny
objects called organelles
which have a specific function.
Nucleus
It contains all the information needed
to produce a new living cell.
Home
Sommario
18
Ribosomes
They produce substances (proteins).
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
It is the place where
ribosomes do their work.
Home
Sommario
19
Cytoplasm
Part of the cell where the chemical reactions
take place.
Mithocondria
They turn glucose and oxygen into energy.
Home
Sommario
20
Golgy body
This system prepares
proteins for use and
export.
Cell membrane
This structure controls
what passes in and out
the cell.
Home
Sommario
21
Vacuole
It contains a solution of salt and sugar. It also
gives the support to the cell.
vacuole
Cell wall
Cell wall
It gives a plant cell strength and
support.
Home
Sommario
22
Chloroplasts
It contain a green substance called chlorophyll
which absorbs the sun’s energy so that the
plant can make its own food during
photosynthesis.
Home
Sommario
23
Cellcrossword
Down
1. It controls what substances pass in and out
Across
5. It traps energy to make food
of the cell
6. It produces substances
2. It contains a solution of salt and sugar
7. It produces energy
3. It controls the activities
4. This is where the cell’s chemical reactions
take place
Home
Sommario
24
Parts of the cell A
Matching halves phrases A
Work in pairs. Match one of the sentences from paper A with a sentences
from paper B to form one complete sentence.
7. cytoplasm
10. the sun’s energy is absorbed by
Home
Sommario
25
Parts of the cell
B
Matching halves phrases B
Work in pairs. Match one of the sentences from paper B with a sentences
from paper A to form one complete sentence.
contains the organelles
nucleus
use and export
chlorophyll
Home
Sommario
26
Animal and plant cell
The illustrations (Fig. 3) show some structures found in
plant and animal cells.
animal cell
plant cell
Nucleus
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell
membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Cell
membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Golgi body
Golgi body
Home
Sommario
27
Similarities and differences
Look at Fig. 3 and answer these questions.
1. What is the nucleous like?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Which position does it occupy inside the animal
cell?
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. Does it have a natural colour in the picture?
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. What does it contain inside?
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. Which structure is it surrounded by?
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Are there mitochondria in both cells?
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Which shape have they got?
……………………………………………………………………………………
8. What are the things that you can see inside?
……………………………………………………………………
9. Are there chloroplasts in the plant cell?
…………………………………………………………………………………
10. Which colour do they have?
……………………………………………………………………………………
11. Is it their true color? Why?
……………………………………………………………………………………
Home
12. In which cell is there a big vacuole?
…………………………………………………………………………………..
13. Do you remember what it contains inside?
…………………………………………………………………………………
14. In which cell are vacuoles very big?
……………………………………………………………………………………
15. Have the cells got a cell membrane?
……………………………………………………………………………………
16. Where is it located in the cell?
……………………………………………………………………………………
17. Is the animal cell surrounded by a wall?
……………………………………………………………………………………
18. Which cell breathes?
……………………………………………………………………………………
19. Which cell produces oxygen?
………………………………………………………………..
20. Which cell produces food by itself?
…………………………………………………………………………………
21. With which colour is Golgy body represented
in the picture?
……………………………………………………………………………………
22. Is this body found in both cells?
………………………………………………………………………………
Sommario
28
Comparing plant and animal cells
Animal and plant cells are the same in some ways. We say that they have some of the same
features. Animal and plant cells are also different.
Look at Fig 3 and try to spot the differences.
Fill in the Venn diagram to compare a plant cell to an animal cell. Use the words in the word
box.
cell membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome
vacuole
in common
animal cell
plant cell
What's the most complicated cell? ______________________
It is because it produces oxygen and food (glucose) for all living things using the sunlight directly. The
animal cell depends on the plant cell.
Home
Sommario
29
Cell like a busy factory
A cell can be thought as a factory with
departments where many activities take place.
different
Fig. 4
Look at Fig.4. Work in pairs and try to understand what happens in
each department. Discuss with each other.
Home
Sommario
30
Departments and functions in the factory
In the second column of the chart, write the name of the organelle
connected with the factory activities described in the first column.
Departments and functions in the factory
Organelle
Executive department: decides what products are made
Power plant: provides energy for all process
Workers: produce materials
Packaging departments: assemble the products
Factory floor: where most products are assembled, finished and shipped
Assembly line (where workers do their work)
Shipping/ Receiving department
Have you filled in the gaps!? If not, try again! This is another clue for you.
Golgi body, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondrion, Ribosomes
Home
Sommario
31
Question loop
There are 25 strips of paper all different, each with
a question and an answer.
Print the pages and cut the strips.
Hand out a strip to each student.
Start the loop by getting one pupil to ask their
question.
Someone should recognize the correct answer and
read it. Then they should read out their question and
so on.
Eventually the loop should return to the first person.
Home
Sommario
32
Question loop
Q 1.What simple units are all living things
made of?
A The cell wall
Q What cell has a vacuole and a cell wall?
A Cells
Q What does chloroplast contain?
A A plant cell
Q What special feature does a sperm cell
have?
A It contains the pigment to adsorb light energy
for photosynthesis
Q Why are root cells long and thin?
A A tail to allow it to move
Q What structures are made from tissues?
A To give the maximum surface area to absorb
water
33
Q Why does the plant cell have a cell wall?
A Organs are made from tissue
Q Why are nerve cells long and thin?
A To keep its shape and support the plant
Q What useful product is made in
photosynthesis?
A To carry nerve impulses around the body
Q What is the function of the nucleus?
A Oxygen
Q Which are the typical three parts of the
plant cell?
A It controls the activities of the cell
Q Where in the cell do most of the
chemical reactions take place?
A Cell wall, chloroplasts and large
permanent vacuole
Q What does the cell membrane do?
A In the cytoplasm
Q What occurs in the mitochondria?
A It controls what passes in and out of the cell
34
Q Which is the only cell without nucleus?
A The energy production
Q Which organelle do the products
assemble?
A Red blood cell
Q Which organelle do proteins
produce?
A The Golgy body
Q Where in the cell workers make proteins ?
A Ribosome
Q Which organelles does the sunlight use?
A In the endoplasmic reticulum
Q What is the name of the heredity
material in a cell?
A Chloroplasts
35
Q Who was the first person to give the
name “cell”?
A DNA
Q What does a plant need for
photosynthesis?
A Robert Hook
Q A synonym of organism with many
cells
A Water, carbon dioxide, light
Q What functions do lisosomes have?
A Multicellular organism
Q Which part of a plant cell is made of
cellulose?
A Digest, destroy and recycle materials
Home
Sommario
36
Final test
Name_________________
Date ______________
1.
All living things are made up of_________________________ .
2.
The inside of a cell is____________________ which is jelly like.
3.
All cells have a _________________ which separates them from the outside world.
4.
Some organisms consist of only_____________ cell, like amoeba or bacteria.
5.
All cells contain ____________________for storing information.
6.
All cells contain _________________ for building proteins.
7.
The _________________ prepares proteins for use and export.
8.
Plant cells have a group of green structures called________________ . They use the energy from the
sun to make food.
9.
A ________________ organism is an animal cell that lives on its own, without other cells.
10.
The mitochondria are often called the___________________ of the cell.
Home
Sommario
37
Glossary
Animal
Any living organism different from plants by the lack
of chlorophyll and the requirement for complex
organic nutrients.
Average
Arithmetical mean of a series of numbers obtained by
dividing their sum by the quantity of numbers.
Bacterium
Unicellular microscopic simple organism found almost
everywhere.
Cell
The microscopic unit of all living organisms
Chemical
1. Related to a science of chemistry. 2. A substance
characterized by definite molecular composition.
Chlorophyll
Green plant pigments which
photoreceptors of life energy.
capture
the
light
Home
Sommario
38
Energy
The capacity of doing work.
Euglena
Unicellular organism with one or two flagella,
chloroplasts and a generally elongated shape.
Glucose
A monosaccharide; found free or combined and is the
most common sugar.
Limit of
resolution
The minimum distance between two point objects
which allows them to be seen.
Micron
A unit of length equal to one millionth of a metre
Microscope
An instrument through which minute objects are
enlarged by means of lenses.
Organelle
A subcellular structure with a special function.
Home
Sommario
39
Organism
An individual which effects all life functions.
Oxygen
An essential element in cellular respiration and in
combustion processes.
Paramecium
An unicellular ciliated protozoan.
Photosynthesis
Process in the green part of the plants, that
produced oxygen and organic components from
carbon dioxide and water.
Plant
Any organism distinguished by the presence of
chlorophyll, a rigid cell wall and a big vacuole.
Protein
An organic substance made up of a variety of amino
acids.
Solution
A mixture in which the components are uniformly
distributed.
Home
Sommario
40
Answers
Secret cell
1.
Cell is the smallest living part of an animal or a plant body
2.
I use a light microscope for looking at the shape of cells;
microscope for looking inside the cell.
3.
There are about 100 billion cells in my body.
4.
Chemical changes happen inside the cell.
I use electron
Sizes of cells
Size: measure
Average: medium amount
Plant: a living thing that grows in earth and has a stem, leaves and roots
Animal:a living creature that is not a plant
Development: a process of regulated growth and differentiation
Bacterium: Extremely small, relatively simple prokaryotic microrganism
The differences
1. Smallest 2. Biggest 3. Bigger 4. Smaller
Home
Sommario
41
What are the correct definitions?
What is the range in micron to see an
animal and a plant cell?
between 10 and 100
What is the size order of the
molecules?
nanometre
Which instrument do you use to see
the plant cell?
light microscope
What is the range in nm to see the
proteins?
between 0,3 and 10
Which type of instrument can you use
to see the organelles better?
electron microscope
Relative sizes of cells
A = underlined B= in bold
Light microscope is an instrument for looking at the shape of cells.
Electron microscope is an instrument for looking inside the cell.
There are three types of cells . One example of this is bacterium.
An animal cell is different from a plant cell in size and in shape.
Micron is the unit of measure of cells.
Home
Sommario
42
Nanometre is the unit of measure of molecules and virus.
The diameter of an average animal cell is about 10 micrometers. Most bacterial cells
are very small, with diameters of only 0.35 to 0.40 micrometer, near the limit of
resolution of an ordinary light microscope.
What else about cells?
Cells are the building blocks of life. A living thing is called an organism.
All living things are made up of cells.
Living organisms are composed of one or more microscopic cells.
Amoeba, Paramecium and Euglena are examples of unicellular cells.
Plants and animals are multicellular.
To remind the organelles
Across: 5. Chloroplast; 6. Ribosome; 7. Mitochondrion.
Down: 1. Cellmembrane; 2. Vacuole; 3. Nucleus; 4. Cytoplasm
Parts of the cell
A italic B bold
1. Multicellular organisms are composed of
a number of cells
2. Organelles are
minute structures inside a cell
3. Mitochondria
produce energy
Home
Sommario
43
4. Proteins are built in the
ribosomes
5. The organelle that controls all cell activity
nucleus
6. Golgy body prepares proteins for
use and export
7. Cytoplasm
contains the organelles
8. Plasma membrane is the place where
cells make contact with the external environment
9. A microscope
enlarges the image of a cell
10. The sun’s energy is absorbed by
chlorophyll
11. Photosynthesis is
a chemical reaction
Home
Sommario
44
Similarities and differences
1. The nucleous shape is round.
12. There is a big vacuole in the plant cell.
2. It occupies a central position inside the animal
cell.
13. It contains inside a solution of water, salts
and sugar.
3. No, because it is transparent. To see it you
need colouring.
14. They are very big in the plant cell.
15. Both cells have a cell membrane.
4. It contains DNA, the genetic material.
5. It is surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum.
6. Yes, there are mithochondria in both cells.
16. It’s located at the periphery of the cell
and envelops it and contain the cytoplasm.
17. No it isn’t. The plant cell is surrounded by a
wall .
7. They have got an extended shape.
18. Both cells breathe.
8. You can see some membrane foldings.
19. Plant cell produces oxygen.
9. Yes, in the plant cell there are chloroplasts.
10. They are green.
11. This is a true color for the presence of
chlorophyll.
20. The plant cell produces food by itself. Because
of this its name is autotrophic.
21. Golgy body
is pink in the picture.
22. Yes, it is in both cells.
Home
Sommario
45
Comparing the plant and animal cell
in common
plant cell
animal cell
Cell
Membrane
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosoma
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole
What's the most complicated cell? Plant cell
Departments and functions in the factory
Organelle
Executive department: decides what products are made
Nucleus
Power plant: provides energy for all process
Mitochondrion
Workers: produce materials
Ribosomes
Packaging department: assembles the products
Golgy body
Factory floor: where most products are assembled, finished and
shipped
Cytoplasma
Assembly line (where workers do their work)
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Shipping/ Receiving department
Plasma membrane
46
Question loop
Q1 What simple units are all living things
made of ?
A1 Cells
A25 The cell wall
Q2 What cell has a big vacuole and a cell
wall?
A2 A plant cell
A1 Cells
Q3 What does chloroplast contain?
A3 It contains the pigment to adsorb light
energy for photosynthesis
A2 A plant cell
Q4 What special feature does a sperm cell
have?
A4 A tail to allow it to move
A3 It contains the pigment to adsorb light
energy for photosynthesis
Q5 Why are root cells long and thin?
A5 To give the maximum surface area to
absorb water
A4 A tail to allow it to move
Q6 What structures are made from tissues?
A6 Organs are made from tissue
A5 To give the maximum surface area to
absorb water
Q7 Why do the plant cells have a cell wall?
A7 To keep its shape and support the plant
A6 Organs are made from tissue
Q8 Why are nerve cells long and thin?
A8 To carry nerve impulses around the body
A7 To keep its shape and support the plant
47
Q9 What useful product is made in photosynthesis?
A9 Oxygen
A8 To carry nerve impulses
around the body
Q10 What is the function of the nucleus?
A10 It controls the activities of the cell.
A9 Oxygen
Q11 Which are the three parts of the cell that are only
found in the plants?
A11 Cell wall, chloroplasts and large permanent
vacuole.
A10 It controls the activities of
the cell.
Q12 Where in the cell do most of the chemical
reactions take place?
A12 In the cytoplasm.
A11 Cell wall, chloroplasts and
large permanent vacuole.
Q13 What does the cell membrane do?
A13 It controls what passes in and out of the cell
A12 In the cytoplasm
Q14 What occurs in the mitochondria?
A14 The energy production
A13 It controls what passes in
and out of the cell
Q15 Which is the only cell without a nucleus?
A15 The red blood cell
A14 The energy production
Q16 Which organelles do the products assemble?
A16 The Golgy body
A15 The red blood cell
Q17 Which organelle do proteins produce?
A17 the ribosome
A16 The Golgy body
48
Q18 Where in the cell workers make proteins ?
A18 In the endoplasmic reticulum
A17 The ribosome
Q19 Which organelles does the sunlight use?
A19 Chloroplasts
A18 In the endoplasmic reticulum
Q20 What is the name of the heredity material in a
cell?
A20 DNA
A19 Chloroplasts
Q21 Who is the first person to give the name “cell”?
A 21 Robert Hook
A20 DNA
Q22 What three things does a plant need for
photosynthesis?
A22 Water, carbon dioxide, light
A 21 Robert Hook
Q23 A synonym of organism with many cells
A23 Multicellular organism
A22 Water, carbon dioxide, light
Q24 What is the job of lisosomes
A24 Digest, destroy and recycle materials
A23 Multicellular organism
Q25 Which part of a plant cell is made of cellulose?
A25 Cell wall
A24 Digest, destroy and recycle
materials
Home
Sommario
49
Final test
1.
All living things are made up of cells.
2.
The inside of a cell is cytoplasm which is jelly like.
3.
All cells have a cell membrane, which separates them from the outside world.
4.
Some organisms consist of only one cell, like amoeba or bacteria.
5.
All cells contain nucleus for storing information.
6.
All cells contain ribosomes for building proteins.
7.
The Golgy body prepares proteins for use and export.
8.
Plant cells have a group of green structures called chloroplasts. They use the energy from
the Sun to make food.
9.
A unicellular organism is an animal cell that lives on its own, without other cells.
10.
The mitochondria are often called the power plant of the cell.
Home
Sommario
50
Bibliography
H. Kingston ( 2002) – GCSE Biology – Letts
J. Martin (2003) - Biology – Cambridge
Internet sites:
www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../ BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
www.coe.uga.edu/.../ glynn/models/cell/cell.html
www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ comparingcells.html
www.teach-nology.com/.../ science/rain/venn4/
Home
Sommario
51