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Bellwork
1)The planet Jupiter is over 300 times as massive as the planet Venus. Yet you and I can see Venus with
the naked eye, and definitely with a pair of binoculars. But for us to see Jupiter, even though it is
very large, we would need a strong telescope. This is because
A) Jupiter is on the opposite side of the Sun
B) of our position on the surface of the Earth.
C) most of Jupiter's mass is gas and we cannot see gas.
D) Jupiter is so far from Earth and Venus is much closer.
2) Stars appear as small points of light in the sky because
A) they are so much dimmer than the sun.
B) they are so much smaller than the sun.
C) their light is lessened by our atmosphere.
D) they are so much further away than the sun.
Bellwork
1) Which planets would you MOST LIKELY be able to
see in the night sky without a telescope?
A) Venus and Saturn
B) Uranus and Jupiter
C) Neptune and Saturn
D) Mercury and Neptune
2) The luminosity of a star, as viewed from earth, is
connected to the _________ of the star.
A) age
B) color
C) distance
D) mass
Bellwork
1) On a clear night, Karl was looking at the moon through his telescope. Which statement BEST
describes why Karl cannot see the full moon every day?
A) In order to see the moon, light must reflect off of its surface and reach Earth.
B) The full moon breaks apart and reforms only at certain times throughout the month.
C) The light produced by the moon is absorbed by Earth's atmosphere in various amounts during
the month.
D) The moon can produce its own light, but this can only occur on a small part of the moon's
surface at any given time.
2) Star light, star bright: how bright a star appears to us on Earth depends MAINLY on
A) the age of the star.
B) your position on Earth.
C) the composition of the star.
D) the star's distance from Earth.
Bellwork-seasons
1)The part of Earth that experiences summer is the part
A) facing the Sun.
B) turning toward the Sun.
C) facing away from the Sun.
2. Which position represents spring in the
D) turning away from the Sun.
northern hemisphere? A,B,C, or D
Bellwork-seasons
1) During which season do the rays of the sun hit the Earth at the MOST indirect
angle?
A) fall
B) spring
C) summer
D) winter
2) If the earth were not tilted on its axis, what would be the result?
A) Day length would be less than 24 hours.
B) Both sides of the moon would be visible.
C) Temperatures would be constant year round.
D) The length of the year would be more than 365 days.
Bellwork-seasons
su,mme
summer
r
1.Seasonal variation on Earth is due to the
A) rotation of Earth on its axis.
B) elliptical path Earth takes around the Sun.
C) inclination (or 23.5° tilt) of the Earth as it revolves around the sun.
D) distance of Earth from the sun at any given time.
Bellwork-seasons
1) What is primarily responsible for the creation of seasons on the earth?
A) the tilt of the sun
B) the distance from the sun
C) the axial tilt of the earth
D) the reflection of the sun's rays from the earth
2) During which season do the rays of the sun hit the Earth at the MOST indirect angle?
A) fall
B) spring
C) summer
D) winter
3) The Northern Hemisphere is warmer in spring than in winter, because in spring
A) the days are shorter.
B) it gets more direct sunlight.
C) the Earth is closer to the Sun.
D) it is tilted away from the Sun.
4)Which position represents spring in the southern hemisphere?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Bellwork-moons
1) A ____________ is equal to the length of time it takes Earth to orbit the Sun.
A) day
B) year
C) season
D) lunar cycle
2) The dark side of the moon (the side never seen from the earth)
A) never receives sunlight.
B) is heavier than the near side.
C) always faces away from the earth.
D) is significantly less cratered than the side we see.
3) Only one side of the Moon faces Earth during a single twenty-seven-day lunar revolution. This suggests that the Moon
rotates
A) once a day.
B) once a decade.
C) once every lunar cycle.
D) twice every lunar cycle.
Bellwork-moons
1) During a new moon, the moon is
A) in between Earth and the sun.
B) in front of the sun, in back of Earth.
C) in front of Earth, in front of the sun.
D) alongside Earth and in front of the sun.
2) This is a ___________ gibbous moon.
A) crescent
B) new
C) waning
D) waxing
Bellwork-moons
1) In the image (not to scale), which phase of the moon would you observe from the earth?
A) crescent
B) full
C) half
D) new
2) This is an illustration of the _________ moon.
A) new
B) full
C) crescent
D) first quarter
3) What is the phase of the moon when the moon is positioned between the sun and the earth?
A) new moon
B) full moon
C) half moon
D) waxing crescent
Bellwork-moons
1) What causes the phases of the moon as
observed from the Earth?
2) This is a ___________ crescent moon.
A) new
B) old
C) quarter
D) waxing
A) Filtering of the light from the moon due to the
Earth's atmosphere.
B) The tidal forces of the Earth's oceans change
the appearance of the moon.
C) Change in distance of the moon from the Earth as it
orbits in an elliptical orbit.
D) The angle of light from the sun as it reflects off
the moon and viewed from the Earth's
surface.
3) On any given night, provided that the sky is clear, all of the planets which can be seen
with the naked eye will not be visible at the same time. This is because they all have
different
A) moons
B) orbits
C) shapes
D) sizes
Bellwork-moons
1. During a full moon, ____________
of the moon is facing Earth.
A) none
B) a quarter
C) the dark side
D) the bright side
Bellwork-moons
1) This is an illustration of the _________ moon.
A) new
B) full
C) crescent
D) first quarter
2) Which lunar phase would be observed from the Earth, if the moon were at a 90°
angle with the earth and sun?
A) New
B) Waxing Crescent
C) 1st Quarter
D) Full
Bellwork-eclipses
1.
This diagram shows a lunar eclipse. During a lunar eclipse, the Earth is
A) behind the Sun and the Moon.
B) in between the Sun and the Moon.
C) in front of the Sun and the Moon.
D) next to the Sun but not the Moon.
2. The viewing of a solar eclipse involves a specific relationship between the earth, the sun, and the
moon. Which of these represents the order you would find these celestial bodies during a solar
eclipse?
A) earth - sun - moon
B) sun - earth - moon
C) earth - moon - sun
D) moon - sun - earth
Bellwork-eclipses
1. You can tell from this diagram that a complete lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon is
A) closer to the Sun than the Earth.
B) in any place during its lunar orbit.
C) in the umbra, the darker part of the Earth’s shadow.
D) in the penumbra, the lighter part of the Earth’s shadow.
Bellwork-eclipses
1.
When the Sun is completely blocked out by the Moon a
________________ occurs.
A) total solar eclipse
B) total lunar eclipse
C) partial solar eclipse
D) partial lunar eclipse
2.
5) Which is the correct alignment for a lunar eclipse?
A) sun - moon - Earth
B) moon - sun - Earth
C) Earth - sun - moon
D) sun-Earth-moon
Bellwork -tides
1. Neap tides, relatively weak tides,
occur at point A when the Moon
is in position
A) A.
B) B.
C) A and C.
D) B and D.
2. Whenever the Moon, Earth and Sun are aligned, the gravitational
pull of the sun _____ to that of the moon causing _____ tides.
A) adds; neap
B) adds; spring
C) interferes; neap
D) interferes; neap
Bellwork -tides
1) Large tides, called spring tides, are experienced in the Earth's
oceans when the moon is in position
A) A.
B) B.
C) A and C.
D) B and D.
2) Tides are caused by
A) gravity.
B) heat.
C) waves.
D) winds.
Bellworktides
1. Low tides, called neap tides, are experienced in the Earth's oceans when the
moon is in position
A) A.
B) B.
C) A and C.
D) B and D.
2. What causes the Moon to orbit around the Earth?
A) the moon's mass
B) Earth's gravity
C) the Sun's gravity
D) the vacuum of space
Bellwork- tides
1) The moon and the sun both affect the tides on Earth. This evidence BEST supports the
hypothesis that
A) the sun's and moon’s gravitational attraction to water is unique.
B) every object exerts gravitational force on every other object.
C) gravity is both an attractive force and a repelling force.
D) spinning objects are attracted to liquids.
2) As shown in the diagram, Earth has two tidal bulges, one caused directly by the
Moon’s gravity and the other caused by
A) Earth’s gravity.
B) the Sun’s gravity.
C) the ocean currents.
D) the ocean’s inertia.
Bellwork
Tell the name and the length of time for A and B.
Sun
A
B
Pop Quiz -1
1.
2.
3.
4.
How old is the Universe?
How old is our Solar System?
What is larger…a universe or a galaxy?
What is smaller…a galaxy or a solar
system?
5. What does every solar system have or
contain in order to be considered a solar
system?
Pop Quiz-2
1. What is the name of our galaxy?
2. Scientists believe the universe began with
a large explosion called the _____
______.
3. We have ___ planets in our solar system.
4. The first 4 planets are referred to as the
______ planets.
5. The outer planets are referred to as the
____ _____.
6. _______ is a huge explosion resulting in a
star’s death.
7. Name the hottest planet.
8. Name one dwarf planet.
9. Which equals 24 hours: a rotation or a
revolution?
10.The Earth is always at a _____ degree tilt.
Pop Quiz 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Which position shows winter in the southern hemisphere?
Which position shows fall in the northern hemisphere?
What position is December 22?
Which positions show the sun’s direct rays hitting the equator?
Which position are we closest to-right now- February, 2011?
What are the 2 reasons why we have seasons on Earth?
What separates the inner planets from the outer planets?
How long is Earth’s rotation?
What are the 4 inner planets called?
How long does it take our moon to complete one revolution? (trip around the Earth)
How long is Earth’s revolution?
What is the name of the path an object takes as it travels around a larger body in space?
What is the name of Earth’s natural satellite?
What are the 4 outer planets called?
What is the tilt of the Earth? (Don’t forget the degree symbol!)
The Universe
I) What is the Universe?
 Everything that exists
 Constantly expanding
 Contains around 100 billion galaxies
 Scientists believe the universe began
about 15 billion years ago with The
Big Bang (explosion)
The Big Bang
Stage 1 – After the big bang, the
fireball spread out and the universe
started to expand.
Stage 2 – Thick clouds of gases
collected into vast clumps of dense
matter.
Stage 3 – Stars and galaxies began
to form. The universe became
transparent as light was now able to
travel through it.
Step 4 – Almost 10,000 million years after
the big bang, the Solar System formed.
II) What is a Galaxy?
 Enormous group of stars
 Formed from spinning clouds of
gas
 4 types: elliptical, spiral, barredspiral, and irregular
 The MILKY WAY is the name of our
galaxy
 Some astronomers believe the Milky
Way galaxy is a barred-spiral galaxy
III) What is a Solar System?
-Tiny part of the Milky Way Galaxy
-Consists of the Sun, planets, dwarf
planets, over 60 moons, asteroids,
meteors and comets
-Formed about 4.6 billion years ago from
a cloud of gas and dust (nebula)
IV) What is a star?
-Enormous spinning ball of dense hot, luminous
gas (hydrogen & helium)
-Stars are classified by how hot they are, we see
temperature differences as colors
-Our star the sun, is yellow in color and its
surface temperature is 5000° C…that’s
9000°F!
- Our star, the sun, is halfway through its
life. In about 5 billion years, it will expand
to become a red giant.
- Supernova: huge explosion resulting in a
star’s death
- Black hole: large core of a supernova
collapses into a gravity pit (invisible and
gravity is so great that it sucks in light)
V) The Planets
Inner planets are solid, with minerals
similar to those on Earth. They are
referred to as the terrestrial
planets.
Terrestrial Planets
A) Mercury
-smallest planet and closest to the sun
-little or no atmosphere, resulting in
extreme temperatures
-heavily cratered surface
B) Venus
-second-closest to the sun
-heavy cloud layer
-clouds trap solar energy (greenhouse
effect) making the planet extremely hotabout 470*C
• C) Earth
• -third planet from the sun
• -atmosphere allows life to flourish
•
•
•
•
•
D) Mars
-fourth planet from the sun
-has seasons and polar ice caps
-may have water shaping its surface
The asteroid belt separates the inner and
outer planets
Gas Giants
• Most outer planets are
huge balls of gas.
A) Jupiter
-fifth planet from the sun and largest
-has over 16 moons
-has Great Red Spot (giant storm on the planet’s
surface)
B) Saturn
-sixth planet from the sun
-has over 18 moons
-known for its broad rings of ice and dust
C) Uranus
-seventh planet from the sun
-axis makes the planet spin nearly sideways
-has rings and at least 18 moons
D) Neptune
-eighth planet from the sun
-a gas planet with rings and 8 moons
-methane and helium in its atmosphere give planet a blue
color
Dwarf Planets
• made of rock and ice
• have little or no atmosphere
• they’re just large asteroids or comets too
small to be planets or with an irregular orbit
1. Ceres – located between Mars and Jupiter
2. Pluto – past Neptune
3. Eris (Xena) – past Neptune
Earth
23.5° tilt
24 hours
or 1 day
uns
365¼ days or 1
year
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0
408page01.cfm?chapter_no=04
VI) EARTH
A) The Earth rotates on its axis at a 23.5° tilt.
1 rotation = 24 hours (1 day)
B) The side of the Earth facing the sun is
experiencing day (light)
C) The side of the Earth facing away from the
sun is experiencing night (dark).
D) A revolution is the motion of the Earth as it
travels in an orbit around the sun.
1 revolution = 365 ¼ ( 1 year)
E) The orbit is the name of the path around the
sun.
F) The amount of time it takes for a single trip
around the sun is called a period of
revolution.
G) The Earth’s period of revolution is 365 1/4
days or 365 days and 6 hours.
H) Every 4 years the four 6 hour periods add up
to make an extra day which results in a leap
year. (February 29th)
VII) Solstice vs. Equinox
A) Solstices occur two times per year when the suns
rays are FARTHEST away from the equator
– Summer Solstice– June 21st - Longest Day
– Winter Solstice – December 21st - Shortest Day
B) Equinoxes occur two times per year when the
suns strongest rays are directly hitting the equator
– Vernal (Spring) Equinox– March 21st –equal day/night
– Autumnal (Fall) Equinox – September 21st –equal
day/night
VIII) Seasons
A) Seasons are periods in a year that bring
changes in weather and temperature.
B) Earth has seasons because its axis is
tilted 23.5° as it revolves around the
sun.
C) When the Earth is on one side of the sun, and
the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the
sun, it is summer in the Northern
Hemisphere and winter in the Southern
Hemisphere.
• D) As the Earth moves a quarter way
around the sun, the Northern
Hemisphere tilts slightly away. This
brings autumn (fall) weather to the
Northern Hemisphere and spring to the
Southern Hemisphere
E) Another quarter passes
Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun = winter.
Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun = summer.
F) Another quarter passes
Northern Hemisphere = spring
Southern hemisphere = autumn (fall)
Pop Quiz
1. List the seasons in order beginning with
winter.
2. One rotation for Earth is equal to ______.
3. One revolution for Earth is equal to _____.
4. Seasons bring changes in ______ and
_______.
5. Tell me two reasons as to why Earth has
seasons.
6. If today is Wednesday and I have a
meeting in 2 rotations, what day is my
meeting?
7. When the Northern Hemisphere is
experiencing fall what season is occurring
in the Southern Hemisphere?
8. The summer solstice is________ (date)
and the fall equinox is _______(date).
Using the drawing on the board in the back of
the room, answer the following questions.
9. What season is occurring at A?
10.What season is occurring at H?
IX) LUNA - Earth’s moon
A) revolves around Earth every 29
days
(its revolution equals its
rotation)
B) shines because its light colored
surface reflects sunlight
C) its changing shapes are known
as phases
D) its phases are caused by the
position of the Earth, moon, and
sun
E) Theory of Moon’s formation
-large body collided with Earth
-clumps began to revolve around Earth
-clumps began to join together
PROOF???? Lunar rocks brought back from Apollo
missions were found to be about 4.6 billion years old
(age of Earth). The composition is similar to the
Earth’s Mantle.
Phases of the moon for a month
http://stardate.org/nightsky/moon/index.php
?month=3&year=2000&css=moon.css&Su
bmit=Go
Phases of moon {
The New Moon occurs when the moon is
between the Earth and the Sun and when the
lit-up part is facing away from us.
The full moon occurs when the moon is on
the opposite side of the earth from the Sun.
The moon is at a 5.2* tilt making the near
side light-up.
Pop Quiz
1. I went to the doctor 6 rotations ago. What
day was my appointment on?
2. Approximately how long does it take the
moon to revolve around the Earth? (I want
it in days)
3. What will be the date in 1 revolution and 1
rotation?
4. What happens to the ¼ day at the end of
each year?
5. What is in the center of our solar system?
X) What keeps the planets and
moon from flying off into space?
Gravity…is the force that keeps them in their
current position…..while inertia keeps
them in continual motion in their orbit.
Gravity & Inertia
A) Gravity - what makes you stick to the
Earth. (It's like a giant hand that reaches up
from the ground, grabs your ankle and holds
you down)
B) Inertia- Newton’s First Law of Motion!
An object in motion or at rest will continue to
stay in motion or at rest unless acted upon
by an outside force.
XI) Small Objects
A) What are comets?
-dirty snowball composed
of snow & dust
-tail develops as the comet
nears the Sun (it gets
heated, the snow turns to
gas and forms a long bright
tail)
-famous comet: Halley’s
comet which returns every
76 years (2061)
B) What are meteors?
-billions of tiny lumps of rocky
material that hurtle around the solar
system
-burn up in mesosphere (layer of our
atmosphere) before reaching Earth
-sometimes called shooting stars
because of the streak of light it
produces while burning up (there is
no such thing as a shooting star!!!--it’s a meteor!!!)
C) What are meteorites?
-fragments of space material that land on Earth’s
surface
-pieces may be iron, rocky or both
Barringer
Crater in
Arizona –
over a ½
mile across
& 660 ft
deep.
D) What are
Asteroids?
- Chunks of rocks that orbit the
Sun
Most are found in asteroid belt
between Mars & Jupiter
Cosmic Collisions {29 min}
Pop quiz
1-8. Draw and label the 8 phases of the moon in
order starting with a new moon.
9. How long is the moon’s rotation?
10. How many Earth revolutions until March 4th,
2012?
11. What two things keep the planets, moons, and
other objects in their orbit and not flying off into
space?
XII) What are eclipses?
-two kinds: lunar eclipse & solar eclipse
• A) Lunar eclipse
- when the Earth
comes between the sun
and moon causing the
moon to “disappear”
- can last 1-4
hours
• B) Solar Eclipse
-when the moon
comes between the
Earth and sun
causing the sun to
“disappear”
-lasts several
minutes (longest
was 7 minutes)
Eclipse Movie {3 min}
Bellwork
• Draw a solar and
lunar eclipse.
Label all 3 objects
as well as the
umbra and
penumbra.
• What is an asteroid
made out of?
• How long does a
solar eclipse last?
• How long does it
take our moon to
complete all 8
phases?
XIII) TIDES
A) How are tides connected to the
moon?
-a tide is a daily movement of ocean water that
changes the ocean’s surface level due to the
moon’s gravitational pull on the Earth
- two kinds of tides : Spring tides & Neap
tides
B) Spring Tide (high tide)
-occur every 14 days
-sun, moon, and Earth are in a direct (straight)
line
-Two big bulges of water form on the Earth:
• one directly under the moon
• another on the exact opposite side
-occur during new & full moons
-gravitational pull is the highest
C) Neap Tide(low tide)
-occur when the sun, moon and Earth are at
right angles (90 )
-occur during first & third quarter moon phases
-gravitational forces are working against each
other
Tides video - 3 min